From that, he says, "This cynical attitude is strong these days on campus, where postmodern theory erodes basic truthfulness by holding that facts and truth don't really exist." He then tries to support that argument by quoting Two University of Pennsylvania professors who claim, "We are all engaged in writing a kind of propaganda. Rather than believe in the absolute truth of what we are writing, we must believe in the moral or political positions we are taking with it." According to Leo, this means that "Feelings and political stances count. Facts and truth don't." The non-sequitur is his conclusion that there is a cynical attitude on campus, with postmodern theory eroding basic truthfulness. That conclusion does not necessarily follow from his example of the dishonest Nobel Prize winner or the two university professors. This is a sweeping condemnation of universities that is not warranted by the examples he cites.
At times, Leo also uses ad hominem arguments by dodging the question and instead attacking the character...
Here, Morris is saying it is no surprise that Morris is defending a liar because Morris is also a liar. He also uses an ad hominem attack against Esquire and its writer, Tom Junod, saying that they were probably exploiting the idea that fact and fiction are easily mixed and that readers probably do not know the difference. Here, Leo does not accept the writer's
explanation of his reason for deliberately writing and then revealing a false profile of Michael Stipe; rather, Leo says that the writer and the magazine were probably exploiting the fact that
lying is so easy and people are so easy to fool. Leo also seems to use a circular argument by presenting an arguable point to support his argument. For example, Leo makes that sweeping generalization that there is a cynical attitude on campus, with postmodern theory eroding basic truthfulness, which is arguable. Then he uses that arguable point to prove his ultimate point that lying is widespread and is made acceptable by further lying. Leo is basically saying, "Lying is widespread; therefore, lying is widespread."
d. Evidence
Leo's evidence of seriously dishonest incidents and seriously dishonest defense of those incidents would be very good if his only point was to prove that some dishonesty and dishonest defense does
