¶ … Along the way, scholarly resources such as books, peer-reviewed journal articles and reputable websites will be used to create or support the opinions or answers given. The three questions that will be answered will include what basic types of healthcare everyone should have access to and why, a choice from thirteen risk factors that impact infectious disease and a recitation of how nurses can play a part in one or more of the millennium development goals (MDG) set forth for global health. While being too loose and generous with what people are entitled to and/or the depth and breadth of what nurses can truly do is a danger, to suggest that neither is worthy of consideration would be less than wise to assert as true. Healthcare as a Right

The first essay question asks what types and forms of healthcare should be a given and a right to everyone regardless of race, gender, class or background. Before answering this question, there are a number of wrinkles and so forth that have to be taken seriously. First, the healthcare of many countries is in tatters due to ingrained corruption from the government or ingrained bad habits of the people. For example, two thirds of Nigerians drink while working and that is appalling not to mention dangerous and unhealthy on a number of levels. This is an example, albeit extreme, of people that are really causing their own problems and/or a government is doing the problem creating. Of course, dictators and despots like Kim Jong Un (along with his predecessor Kim Jong Il) and Mugabe are more concerned about their own health and well-being than those of the people. Even ostensibly better-off countries India and much of the Middle East are torn apart by things like filthy drinking water and lack of proper sanitation infrastructure such as working toilets and the like (Heinjnen, Rosa, Fuller, Eisenberg & Clasen, 2014).

Another wrinkle already touched on is human behavior leading to health maladies. Indeed, to suggest that this is something foreign to civilized and developed countries like the United States would simply not be true. A good number of the diseases that ravage those in the United States are induced by poor behavior and life choices and it is usually something that happens over years or decades rather than a few days or months. However, the problem is aggravated by a system and a framework where less healthy foods are much more ubiquitous and much cheaper and the education of those that are vulnerable is hit or miss if it exists at all. Even when it does exist, parents and other caretakers are unwilling to take care of themselves, let alone others. However, genetics plays a part as well and some people get sick even with some strong efforts (Collins, Ryan & Truby, 2014).

The deck is further stacked against the poor and the disadvantaged in the form of a healthcare system that becomes more expensive by the day in terms of what it takes to pay for items out of pocket and/or the healthcare insurance premiums that have to be paid to mitigate or limit those costs. While the number of people uninsured in the United States is in the stark minority, it still numbers in the millions of people and the number of bankruptcies and other financial strife (or even death) that is caused in whole or in part by lack of access to money and/or healthcare is quite embarrassing (Zhou, Remsburg, Caufield & Itote, 2012). However, those that would say that the United States and other non-socialized medicine countries should just "spend the money" have to recognize that transfer payments are already a huge part of the United States federal budget and that number will get much bigger even if no upgrades are made to the social and medical safety nets.

Indeed, people with healthcare plans are generally able to get preventative care and screenings such as physicals and checkups included at no additional cost to the patient. Such care should be low-cost or subsidized (if not both) for all that cannot afford to do so because of limited funds and/or no insurance. There should also be a heavy push to educate people how to roll back disorders or prevent them in the first place as this has led to great gains in the fight against obesity in many corners of society. After all, addressing only the sick people is a reactionary step rather than a prevention-related one and the latter will yield much better results over time (Schimmel, 2013).
For this all to work and for all the cards to be on the table, it should be said that basic and necessary care can and should be provided via whatever means necessary without bankrupting the state or its people. However, the patients and people of these areas have their own burden to meet and it is not as simple as the government just shutting up and giving out the care. Indeed, any government program is funded by taxpayers as government does not magically get that funds by themselves and most of the people getting that money are not paying taxes to begin with, or at least not as much. The point is that there are ethics for both sides, that being the patient and the government/people. The patient has a right to get access to low-cost and quality care but they also bear a burden to not live in a way that is self-destructive. For example, while the Affordable Care Act did away with waiting periods for pre-existing conditions, a lot of the reason for that (although some people got unfairly hurt) was because people would skip out on being insured even though they could afford the premium but they signed up only when they really needed it. That is akin to buying a homeowner's insurance policy when one's house is already burning down. It is not fair to the other people who pay their premiums when they are not in need of a payback because that is how the system works…the non-sick people should be there to offset those that are sick. The government and the people have to work together and the former should not be enabling the preventable actions of the latter. Withholding care is not what is being suggested but rather accountability and knowledge (Schimmel, 2013).

Infectious Disease Factors

If there is one factor or confluence of factors that stands out as it relates to infectious disease, it would be cleanliness and sanitation. As noted in the prior section, there are many parts of the world where running water, working toilets and other basic sanitation needs are paltry to completely missing. This leads to easier spreading of disease as well as bad teeth/gums and so forth. The terrible part about all of that is that the people affected by this happenstance are essentially unable to prevent this from being the case as the governments in question are unwilling or unable to do anything about it. However, even civilized countries like the United States and China have issues relating to sanitation and cleanliness as a function of how it causes disease (Carlton, Liang, McDowell, Huazhong, Wei & Remais, 2012). Even national sports teams are having issues. The Tampa Bay Buccaneer franchise had a major problem with several people getting drug-resistant staph infections (MRSA) even though one would assume that the doctors and other personnel for the team would have access to all of the money and resources to treat patients effectively and to sanitize treatment areas and tools. However, three players by the name of Carl Nicks, Lawrence Tynes and Johnathan Banks all contracted some form of staph in a matter of two to three months (Volin, 2013).

What this means in the grand scheme of things is that many countries and employers are unwilling or unable to stop infectious disease spread through cleanliness and sterilization while others are simply inept and not paying enough attention to detail. When it comes to the poorer countries, they should get assistance from the United Nations and other organizations to upgrade and fix their infrastructure. Rather than giving the despots and corrupt a pile of cash that can just be frittered away, the upgrading and repair of these systems should be done under heavy supervision and extensive training should be given to the domestic healthcare personnel and sanitation workers in those areas so as to create a new standard that keeps the entire community healthier (Clasen, Pruss-Ustun, Mathers, Cumming, Cairncross & Colford, 2014).

However, even domestic healthcare minds and people should drill sterilization and cleanliness into the minds of people every day. This is…