This must be backed up by appropriate goods-in-transit insurance. The result is more administration and paperwork by keeping records of consignments and their values. If goods go missing, so that customers rightly refuse to pay their invoices, businesses must have sufficient compensation to put matters right (Walker 2007, Conclusion section, ¶ 1-2).
Hans Lehmann (2006), Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand, explains that the traditional freight forwarder's market consists of managing the door to door transportation of goods which measure larger than parcels, yet smaller than bulk. The forwarder's market resells transport capacity purchased wholesale. In the journal publication, "European international freight forwarders: Information as a strategic product," Lehmann (2006), contends that European companies, primarily German-speaking origin, appear to dominate the global market. Due to general reliance of European business on trade across country borders, along with the centuries of experience appear to have given European firms a distinctive advantage in the global market. As the markets for forwarding considerably grown, a myriad of profitable opportunities have evolved which involve worldwide information technology.
Dr. Patrick C. Reed (2006), Columbia University School of Law, investigates recent developments in the relationship between World Trade Organization (WTO) obligations and U.S. international trade law. In the journal publication, "Relationship of WTO obligations to U.S. international trade law: Internationalist vision meets domestic reality," Reed reports that even prior to the U.S. approval of the WTO agreements, the effect of international trade agreements had emerged as an issue in U.S. trade litigation in the context of pre-WTO General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) agreements. In 2006, more than eleven years after Congress approved the WTO agreements, the issue remained controversial, however (Reed 2006).
Reed (2006) Reed contends, that in regard to agreements, GATT suggests reinstating the treatment of WTO agreements and decisions in domestic U.S. law.
1. If the domestic statute proves unambiguous, the consistency question with WTO obligations proves irrelevant.
2. Where the domestic statute proves to be ambiguous and it becomes "abundantly clear" that the agency explanation of the statute is not consistent with the WTO agreement language, the courts can be expected to overrule the agency's interpretation by utilizing the WTO agreement as secondary legislative history.
3. Where the domestic statute proves to be ambiguous and a WTO agreement or decision supports the agency's interpretation, the WTO consistency endorses the end that the agency's explanation is permissible.
4. Where the statute proves ambiguous and the agency's interpretation is not consistent "with a WTO panel or Appellate Body interpretation of the corresponding WTO agreement, the courts give the WTO decision "respectful consideration" under the Federal Circuit's July 2006 decision in Cummins, but in practice sustain the agency's interpretation" (Reed 2006, Conclusion section, ¶ 1).
5. Where a WTO panel or Appellate Body rules a U.S. regulation or practice is not consistent with WTO obligations, "the courts have left it to the Executive Branch to determine whether or not to implement the adverse decision and, if implemented, the extent of implementation" (Reed 2006, Conclusion section, ¶ 1).
From a wider perspective, Reed (2006) concludes, the U.S. treatment of WTO agreements and dispute settlement decisions may be perceived as an abbreviated case study. The case study reveals "the dichotomy in international relations theory between liberal internationalism and realism. Liberal internationalism posits that states have or should have a 'harmony of interests' in such matters as an open integrated international trade regime and compliance with international law" (Reed 2006, Conclusion section, ¶ 2). At its threshold, realism, begins with the empirical observation that often, states do not possess the alleged "harmony of interests." Liberal internationalism purports the strong deduction that a conflict between U.S. actions and international law or international agreements should not exist. Realism, on the other hand, maintains that this presumption may not always be maintained.
Sol Picciotto (2007), Professor of Law, School of Law, Lancaster University, UK, asserts that individuals do want global rules. "If the WTO did not exist," Picciotto stresses, people would demand a forum be made available for governments to negotiate rules. Rules, ratified by national parliaments, promote freer trade and proffer a transparent and predictable business framework. People want a mechanism to help governments avoid engaging in blows over trade disputes. WTO does not "lay down the law," according to Picciotto, but upholds the rule of law. Not having this law would likely contribute to some reverting back to the law of the jungle.
The WTO acts in several ways as a global governance node. It constitutes an introduction point of intersection of diverse regulatory networks. In the journal publication, "The WTO as a node of global governance: Economic regulation and human rights discourses," Picciott (2007) asserts that the interaction of WTO rules with human rights norms serves as an example of normative interactions. It also stimulates more basic questions...
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