(Kimble; Hilgard; Marquis, 1961)
(c) Explain the role of reward and punishment in your selected learning situation of 'How to ride a Bike'
A lot of aversive events are there inclusive of withholding reinforcement i.e. extinction, removing a positive reinforces i.e. response cost and presenting an aversive event contingent on a behavior i.e. punishment. The same variables that influence the effectiveness of reinforcement also influence the effectiveness of punishment, inclusive of the immediacy with which a negative event follows a behavior, the intensity of the event, and the schedule of punishment. It is important to comprehend that punishment constitute an inescapable aspect of life which individuals tend to learn through both punishing consequences and positive consequences. For instance in the selected learning situation of how to ride a bike, if the learner is not watching where he is going, he will sustain a fall which is a punishment for him. (Gambrill, 2006)
In the course of learning regarding the manner in which to ride a bike, an individual learns not to lean too far to one side as this is punished by falling. But maintaining a straight position is reinforced by avoiding unpleasant falls. This gives an illustration of the close association between punishment and negative reinforcement. In order to arrange for the negative reinforcement of a behavior, a negative event must be presented which can be removed contingent on the behavior. This event is presented after some preceding behavior or the lack of it and functions as a punishing event for that behavior. On the other hand, reward in the selected learning situation of how to ride a bike is the satisfaction of the learner that he is gradually learning how to ride a bike and will one day be successful. (Gambrill, 2006)
(d) Explain which form of instrumental conditioning would be most effective in your selected situation of 'How to ride a Bike'.
With rather more interoceptor complexity and anatomical specificity than individuals are comfortably certain of, a system based on classical conditioning could be applicable. But a different and very common type of learning is present...
Latent learning; this is the type of learning that takes place oblivious of the reinforcements that are applied though these reinforcements can be useful later on in the process of learning. It is the education that is instantly expressed in a response that is obvious. Here, an organism may be learning but the information learnt is not instantly expressed (Robert Jensen, 2006). For instance, a child may watch the elders
" (Halpin and Burt, 1998) DuBois states: "The history of the American Negro is the history of this strife -- this longing to attain self-conscious manhood, to merge his double self into a better and truer self. In this merging he wishes neither of the older selves to be lost. He would not Africanize America, for America has too much to teach the world and Africa. He would not bleach
Building Plan Outpatient clinic Facility planning There is a great shift in the real estate and this affects even the healthcare facilities. Notably, the traditional stand alone acute care hospitals are now fast shifting into multiple building campuses and facilities that are multi-state operational. This has been greatly informed by the changing demands of the patients that are becoming increasingly complex hence the resultant emerging new models for the delivery of these
The reality is that the universal grammar theory attempts to lay general structures that can be traced among languages. Therefore, if a constant 'X' is true then 'Y' will be equally true. It puts down how all languages expand when subjected to a given set of fundamental principles. With these principles, universal grammar enables us to try out word order prediction in languages, the phonemes, syntax etc. Several linguists hold
A behavior resulting from injury or disease behavior resulting from experience behavior resulting from disease or drugs biologically determined behavior Evidence that learning has occurred is seen in published research studies changes in thinking changes in behavior emotional stability Change in performance is preceded by bad reviews scientific research the behavior of others change in disposition If-then statements may also be referred to as principles generalization hypothesis laws Statements which summarize relationships are restricted
Chance tries to explain the key differences in Pavlovian procedures by stating that "the most important difference is that Pavlovian conditioning involves pairing stimuli (the CS and U.S.) while operant learning involves pairing responses and stimuli." (pg 111) the average reader is likely not to readily discern the difference that easily. Turning back to the section on Pavlovian conditioning is imperative at this point in the book and therefore another
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