¶ … knowledge statements on Cardiovasular Diseases among Minority Women in U.S.
Globally, cardiovascular diseases (CVD) accounts for the single largest cause of death among women, causing 8.6 million deaths annually (Keyhani et al., 2008). In the U.S., it is estimated that about 38.2 million women currently live with CVD and more women than men die each year from CVD (Mosca et al., 2007). Cardiovascular disease varies substantially not only across gender lines, but also across different ethnic groups in the U.S. For example, Hamner and Wildner (2008) noted that the prevalence of CVD is higher among African-American women (49%) when compared to Caucasian women (35%). According to Williams (2009), age-adjusted death rate to CVD in 2002 was significantly higher among African-American women (169.7 per 100,000) when compared to Caucasian women (131.2 per 100,000). Knowledge and awareness of cardiovascular risk factors is limited among African-American women as Williams (2009) citing a survey conducted in 2006, noted that while 77% of white women knew that CVD is the single largest cause of death among women, only 38% of black women were aware of this information.
Numerous modifiable factors (such as smoking, obesity, physical inactivity, hypertension etc.) and non-modifiable factors (family history, increasing age, gender, race etc.) place women, particularly women of color at increased risk for CVD (Hamner et al., 2008). Previous studies have also demonstrated that while some women have limited knowledge about CVD, others underestimate their risk for developing CVD (Hamner et al., 2008; Keyhani et al., 2008). What is more striking is that health care professionals are often not aware of gender differences in the prevalence of CVD and as a result, they contribute to women's lack of recognition and less aggressive management of CVD (Keyhani et al., 2008). Disparities also exist in terms of access to preventative therapies as physicians often do not recommend referrals that are critical to detecting CVD in African-American women (Williams, 2009).
Despite the obvious benefit of educating women about their CVD risk, we do not yet know how best to design resources on CVD that will be more easily adopted and implemented by women. Also, the persistence of gender disparities with CVD has fueled increased attention on the need to develop innovative tools that will aid not only in the management of CVD, but also with reducing incidence and mortality rates among women in different ethnic groups. Given that research has shown that most deaths from CVD can be prevented, it is important to equip women and health care professionals with innovative tools that serve to spread knowledge about CVD. The use of theoretical models is critical for equipping women with knowledge of modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors of CVD. As a result, drawing on Roger's Diffusion of Innovation theory, the overarching aim of this paper is to design an innovative teaching tool that will assist women living with CVD to become knowledgeable about their risk of CVD.
Innovation: Project "I know" on women and CVD is a simple targeted educational resource aimed at increasing awareness of CVD among women, particularly women of color using knowledge statements that highlight the prevalence of CVD as well as information on their own risk profile. The project also seeks to increase knowledge and awareness about modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors associated with CVD. Nurses and health care professional at clinical settings will act as liaisons with this project by conducting a risk profile assessment that highlights women's risk for CVD. Through collaboration with each recruited woman, they will provide "I know" statements tailored to the women's own specific needs. These statements will serve to encouraging women to adhere to the simple, easy messages related to their reducing their risk and they include messages on the dietary choices that increases CVD risk or information on the form of physical activities that is conducive to their needs which serves to ultimately decreases CVD risk . To reduce racial and ethnic disparities associated with CVD, project "I know" also includes culturally appropriate information on brochures...
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