International Organization Negotiations & Governance
Good morning. The principal big-picture question for us today is how we protect people worldwide from the continuing slaughter of war. Can international organizations help to prevent war? An appalling amount of blood has been spilled over the course of history. War has caused millions of people to be killed. Innocent people and others engaged in fighting are gone. Can this carnage be slowed down, or even stopped, through the involvement of international organizations? Diplomacy is a wonderful concept and leaders rely on the use of the word -- but why has diplomacy failed in so many instances? We will delve into this issue with reference to the Gulf War and the UN's power in conjunction with America's power.
What causes war? In the past most wars have been fought over land, territory, resources like oil or gold. These are tangible reasons for fighting. A nation sees that there are great resources to be gained in a neighboring state so the first nation becomes belligerent and turns plowshares into swords -- using an old and familiar phrase.
Case Study -- IRAQ
Meanwhile, let's focus our attention on what happened in the Middle East following Saddam Hussein's invasion of Kuwait in 1990. What did Saddam want -- more territory? Certainly his naked aggression was based on annexing the territory of an oil-rich nation. It was a power grab done with stunning quickness. Saddam wanted to be seen as a power broker in the Middle East rather than just another second-rate country; he wanted to change the balance of power in the Middle East. The world watched in disbelief and the United Nations slapped serious economic sanctions against Iraq and passed Resolution #678 -- meaning that "all means necessary" could be used to move Iraq out of Kuwait.
The Realist Cut
The Realist Cut in the matter of Iraq invading Kuwait includes the notion that international organizations either serve the interests of great powers or a bypassed in favor of unilateral action -- if a consensus cannot be reached a great power can simply bypass international organizations. In the case of Iraq, many observers in the media thought Iraq's invasion of Kuwait was the folly of a madman. But Saddam really was smart from a devious criminal's standpoint: He knew Europe, the U.S., and other Western nations depend on oil, so if he had more oil resources, he could hold the West hostage to his manipulation of oil prices. The realist in this situation knew the UN resolution would make it legal and acceptable for the United States to go in and chase Saddam's army out of Kuwait.
Would the U.S. have gone into Kuwait to flush Iraqi armies out without the UN? Absolutely. But having an international organization like the UN sanction the war against Iraq was a huge boost in legitimacy for America's interests in protecting Saudi Arabia and Kuwait, both allies in an anti-West region. A realist could see that the whole approach to confronting Iraq's aggression was in the hands of the United States.
Certainly, the U.S. manipulated the vote in the UN to serve America's interests, and it was obvious the UN had no military muscle to put to use in the Kuwait-Iraq crisis. The salient issue for a realist position was that the U.S. had a strategic purpose for committing tens of thousands of troops and massive resources -- the largest deployment of military force since World War II -- to oust Iraq from Kuwait. And in the process Saddam was prevented from tilting the balance of power in the Middle East. But again, looking at the situation from a realist perspective, the use of the UN was just "window dressing" for the U.S. actions.
The Liberal Cut
There are three reasons why the United Nations' participation in the Gulf War against Saddam's regime was effective, according to the liberal perspective vis-a-vis hindsight. The Cold War ended and there was a supposedly a new world order. That new order would bring the rule of law to the forefront and the rule of violent upheaval and heavy-handed aggression would be pushed to the back of the bus, so to speak. It didn't work out that way though. The first reason involves the fact that the UN Security Council's permanent members (China, the UK, the U.S., Russia and France) participated in the decision to confront Iraq and remove Iraq from Kuwait. That, from a liberal perspective, showed a strong framework for collective security in the Middle East. Nations that rarely agree on much actually got together in the...
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