Philip Zimbardo's research entailed taking good people and putting them in bad situations, just to see how it would affect their psyche. Volunteers were divided into two groups: guards and prisoners. They also left out any clocks or calendars, so that they could not judge the passage of time. A police car drove around the neighborhood one Sunday morning, arresting college students, as part of a mass arrest for Penal codes 211, Armed Robbery, and Burglary, a 459 PC. After being processed at the police station, they were blindfolded and put in a cell, left to wonder what would happen to them. Each prisoner was systematically searched and stripped naked, then deloused to convey the belief that they had germs or lice, which was designed to degrade and humiliate the prisoner. They were given a uniform -- a dress or smock, which was to be worn at all times, without undergarments on. Prisoners soon began to identify themselves with a number, which shows that they had lost their personal identity. All prisoners were emotionally distraught and felt powerless when put in front...

He believed that throughout history, human beings have entered into productive relationships, such as hunter and gatherer; lord and serf; and labor and capital. He saw socialism, or communism, as the natural next step. In the feudal society, the political forces of the kings and nobility had their relations with the economic forces of the villages through serfdom. The serfs, although not free, were tied to both forces and, thus, not completely alienated. Marx saw socialism, or communism, as the next step in this evolution of production as he examined the logic of capitalism by understanding the concepts of mode of production, exploitation, surplus value, overproduction, and commodity fetishism.
Gerhard Lenski listed four different stages in the development of societies. Hunting and gathering in which people hunted animals for meat and went out to…