Application Today
In today's organizational world, there are other pressures besides those mentioned by Argyris in the previous two pages of this paper. But the pressures are to some extent created and continued due to the necessary subordination to authority and to the chain of command that Argyris has pointed to. Budget pressures experienced in the organization "tend to unite the employees against management," according to author John B. Miner (Miner, 2005, p. 307). The tension from budgetary pressures puts the factory supervisor under certain strains, which can lead to what Miner refers to as "…inefficiency, aggression, and perhaps a complete breakdown on the part of the supervisor" (307).
Beyond that, the finance staff in the organization finds feelings "of success" when they find fault with the employees down in the factory; and when the top management uses the strained budgets as "needlers" the factory supervisors view only the narrow problems in their own department -- not in the entire organization. In his book Miner references Argyris' theory that the healthy adult personality becomes frustrated with a formal organization when there is an "incongruent" relationship between management goals and what individuals really need in terms of feeling good about themselves.
In truth, Miner writes (308), when there is incongruency, healthy employees are apt to become "passive, dependent, and submissive over time." They become this way because Miner believes employees are generally "more mature than the organization assumes they are" and they dislike moving "downward in the organization" (308). Moreover, the frustrated employee may: a) leave the organization ("only to face the same problems elsewhere"); b) or he may "attempt to move to high levels in the organization" (albeit there are a precious few of those opportunities); or c) he may adapt by "…resorting to emotional defense mechanisms" like "escape from reality and psychosomatic illness"; or d) he may simply become "apathetic and uninvolved" (Minor, 308).
As an example of how to avoid the frustrations and emotional problems that employees may experience with the kinds of organizational structures that have been discussed in this report, an article in the Journal of Business Ethics points...
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