¶ … history of Pakistan and India and how they have progressed since winning independence.
India and Pakistan Relations
History of India and Pakistan relations
There is no doubt about the fact that ever since the partition of the sub-continent that took place more than 50 years ago India and Pakistan have been arch rivals. Their animosity goes back to a long time ago and finds its main causes in religion and history, which has taken a turn towards a deadly arms race. There have been many attempts to resolve the issues, but in spite of these efforts relations remain tense. With the recent changes taking place, there is growing concern about the growing hostility between the two countries, which is predicted could change into a war.
Independence and partition
India gained its independence from Britain on 15 August 1947. This was formation of the Hindu-dominated India and the Muslim state of Pakistan, which gained its independence on 14th August 1947.
The partition didn't seem to sink in very well with the people of the sub-continent but was followed by massive rioting and human floods Muslims and Hindus struggled to make way from the wrong sides of the newly drawn border.
The partition is remembered as the time when nearly half a million people died in extensive violence and communal rioting. The death toll was highest in Punjab, mainly because half of the state was given to India and the other half was given to Pakistan.
With the partition came the most problematic issue of the Muslim dominated Kashmir. The problem is that Pakistanis believe strongly that Kashmir should have become part of Pakistan in 1947 because the majority of its population were and are Muslims. Also, with the numerous United Nations resolutions passed, it implies that Kashmiris should have the right to cast a vote in a plebiscite to decide whether they are with India or Pakistan. However, India on the other hand says that Kashmir belongs to them because of the documents of Accession signed by the Maharaja in October 1947, which was handed over to Delhi powers of Defense, communication and foreign affairs.
In 1950, Kashmir's were given an extraordinary status in the Indian constitution, which meant more autonomy for them in comparison to than other Indian states. Under the Indian constitution, Jammu and Kashmir is an acclaimed state, and was given the right to go to the polls as a state.
It is believed that under the terms of the Simla Agreement of 1972 both of the countries have agreed to bilateral talks in order to resolve the Kashmir issue instead of resorting to futile international forums.
British colonization of India
Before British came to power in India, there was no concept of owning private property. The self-governing village community handed over a share of their produce to the ruler or his nominee annually. With the establishment of the East India Company this new revenue system was ended and two new forms of property on land - landlordism and individual peasant proprietorship were created. Without a doubt, the first outcome was the reduction in agricultural incomes by 50% discouraging the agrarian economy and self-governing villages.
However, the fields were no longer cultivated, and led to the overgrown tracks with thickets, giving way to famine and resulting in depopulation.
With this India became poorer and suffered from famine, but on the other hand, Britain became richer.
The British first knew that India was not only an agricultural country but also a manufacturing country, with prosperous textile industry, skills in iron working, shipbuilding industry in Calcutta, Daman, Surat, Bombay and Pegu. Other important industries were the enameled jewellery and stone carving of Rajputana towns as well as filigree work in gold and silver, ivory, glass, tannery, perfumery and papermaking. British destroyed Indian textile industry because a competitor existed and it had to be destroyed. The British firms despised shipbuilding industry and its progress and development were restricted by legislation. The British government in India also abolished India's metalwork, glass and paper industries.
Jawarharlal Nehru wrote that those parts of India which had been longest under British rule were the poorest: Bengal once so rich and flourishing after 187 years of British rule is a miserable mass of poverty-stricken, starving and dying people.
India became the country with
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