Ida Mae Brandon Gladney
An unfortunate blemish in America's past has been the harsh treatment of African-Americans by the white members of the population. Harsh racial prejudices were most rampant in the American south where African-Americans were deprived the right to vote, were forcibly segregated from the white community, and could be beaten, raped, and murdered on the slightest provocation. For all these reasons, many African-Americans fled the south and migrated into the northern states. Although African-Americans were still treated poorly in many parts of the north, it was far better for them than what they had experienced in the southern states. In Isabel Wilkerson's book The Warmth of Others Suns written in 2010, the author explores what it would have been like for African-Americans who left the oppression of the south in order to find relative freedom from persecution in the north. The book features the stories of three of the African-Americans who migrated to the north, including Ida Mae Brandon Gladney, the wife of a sharecropper who left Mississippi in the 1930's and went to Chicago, Illinois to escape financial and social depression.
History of the Great Migration:
During the period known as the Great Migration some six million African-Americans relocated out of rural areas in the southern states and moved to the Northeast, Midwest, and to the West coast of the United States in order to find a better way of life for themselves. To quantify exactly how many people left the south during this time, historians have determined that at the turn of the twentieth century less than 750,000 African-Americans lived outside the southern region of the United States. By 1970, some 10.6 million African-Americans lived outside the south (Gregory 18). The First Migration took place in the two decades preceding the Great Depression and the Second took place between 1940 and 1970 with the majority of African-Americans leaving during the Second phase of the Great Migration, with a ten-year lull occurring between the two.
According to historians, the Great Depression and the loss of jobs opportunities prevented large numbers of migration during the 1930s although some people, like Ida Mae Brandon, did leave the south during this time. Even without the promise of potential work, the circumstances in the south were so bad that many felt it was worth risking starvation in the north if it meant being free of the terror going on in the south. Families and friends were left behind, sometimes never to be seen again. Survival and progress meant taking a train and starting anew in a less restricted part of the country, a place where an African-American still might not be considered an equal but where being darker skinned did not have such major consequences. Primarily those who left the south chose large cities like Chicago and New York City to make their new homes because the expansion of the metropolises would be likely to ensure the chance of employment.
Chicago was the first destination for the earliest travelers of the Great Migration. Although things were considerably better for most African-Americans in the north, there was still a great deal of trouble for those who migrated from the south. Newspapers from the era report that some Chicago residents believed that the migration would mean hardship for the hardworking men and women of Illinois. These aspersions were not limited to members of the Caucasian community. Even E. Franklin Frazier, a distinguished sociologist who also happened to be an African-American condemned the migrants as "ignorant, uncouth and impoverished" (Oshinsky). Interestingly, any violence that broke out between migrants and those already living in Chicago were instigated by Irish and European immigrants who were themselves new to the city. New immigrants tended to fear the African-American migrants because if they were employed in the factories and industrial positions, then there would be fewer jobs for immigrants to fill. In addition to job competition, immigrants and migrants also fought over housing. This created neighborhoods which would either be African-American or predominantly composed of immigrants (Gotham 291). The anger felt between the varying groups led to segregation of ethnicities in what were primarily the worst areas of the large cities. Even so, the north was a better place to be than the south as is made evident in the three biographies shown in The Warmth of Other Suns.
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