Neuroscience is the study of brain mechanisms, how they function, how they are constructed, and how they relate to behavior (Kuhn & Koob, 2010). Neuroscience is a broad field that scrutinizes these brain mechanisms at all levels from the molecular and genetic levels all the way to the higher-order psychological processes and even to the understanding of clinical conditions. Because of its scope and its relevance to all aspects of behavior, neuroscience offers several unique contributions to understanding issues like addiction from multiple levels of analysis.
John is a 60-year-old male with no prior history of addictive behavior or mental illness and no family history of substance abuse who developed a substance use disorder to alcohol and the benzodiazepine Valium. The clinical case of "John" is not unique; however, the case offers an example of how little science can help understand, assess, and treat addictions. In the treatment of addiction clinicians follow a three stage process: assessment, intervention, and treatment of the addictive behavior. Neuroscience can assist the process at all three levels.
Assessment
Neuroscientists are finding links to biological variations in the human brain that increase or even reduce the risk to develop a substance use disorder. Moreover, genetic neuroscience is finding associated genetic links that increase the risk for addictive behavior.
Typically the assessment of a substance use disorder is achieved via a clinical interview that includes the person's history, family history, self-report of the current problems, possible collaboration with friends or relatives, and possible adjunctive information such as reports from work, police reports, incarceration history, etc. (Samet, Waxman, Hatzenbuehler & Hasin, 2007). Clinicians may also administer paper and pencil assessment inventories that can be completed by the subject, the subject's friends or relatives, or others. The clinician will then develop a formulation based on self-reports, collaborative reports, and any other documentation available in the case. There is a need for -- clinical measures that can differentiate patients who meet...
Even though Aronofsky speaks of art and artists relatively more often, I would say, than other young directors, there is a strong idea that nature still grounds art, in contrast to the illusions and hallucinations of artifice. In Selby's novel, Marion is a painter, and her dream is to open a store that sells clothing based on her sketches. Marion is terrifically cultured, and her mind is filled with
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