¶ … gender is determined through social interaction, while sex is biological. Gender-specific behaviors are usually instilled in children by their families, by their communities, and the media, according to Professor Janet Moyles (Moyles, 2012). Moyles explains that typically children accept gender stereotypes, they "identify with the stereotypical role of the gender," and sometimes children (especially boys) "punish others who exhibit cross-gender behaviors and traits" (Moyles, 65). This paper delves into the issue of gender-based reasoning and references peer-reviewed research articles that investigate gender-related attraction to toys.
Girls that have congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) who had high levels of androgen when they were in the womb indicated "increased play with boys' toys" and less play with girls' toys (Berenbaum, et al., 1992). Writing in the journal Psychological Science, the authors concluded that hormones (androgens) play a role in which toys girls play with and which toys boys play with. In other words, when females have hormone exposure in their prenatal experience that exposure ends up having a "masculinizing effect" on gender-typed toy preferences (Berenbaum, 203).
Interesting research in the peer-reviewed journal Child Study Journal delved into the choices made by preschool children when it comes to book themes and toy choices. The authors studied thirty-six boys and thirty-six girls (ages two through four years of age) and observed that, in accordance with conventional wisdom, boys are more aggressive than girls in the U.S., Switzerland, Finland, Ethiopia, Brazil and elsewhere. That is not an original or unique finding, but what was interesting in...
Customers entered the establishment carrying shoulder bags and computer notebook bags and proceeded directly to the counter to make purchases. The vast majority of customers arrived alone and most of them left the establishment shortly after receiving their purchases. The customers who opted to take seats did not make any eye contact with other customers and proceeded to use their cell phones or notebook computers (apparently) to send text
Activities to Reduce Inappropriate Behaviors Displayed by Children With Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities The purpose of this dissertation study is to test the effectiveness of an everyday activities-based protocol (Holm, Santangelo, Fromuth, Brown & Walter, 2000) for managing challenging and disruptive behaviors of 13- to 23-year-old residential students (male and female) with Autism who live at Melmark Homes, Inc., of southeastern Pennsylvania, and attend school or adult day programs.
Children's Literature "All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy." This adage takes on various meanings according to context -- in the early twenty-first century, it will most likely be used to imply too much seriousness about schoolwork. But in the consideration of children's literature in the nineteenth century, we face the prospect of a society where child labor was actually a fact of life. We are familiar with
Perhaps there is something deeper to Twilight than anyone is willing to admit. So, then, we must ask ourselves: What are these films about? Is there not something revealing even about the reflections seen in popular culture? Cannot pop culture, therefore, be considered part of high culture? Must it be discarded simply because it is popular? I don't think that it must. And yet there is something distinctly different
Pedagogic Model for Teaching of Technology to Special Education Students Almost thirty years ago, the American federal government passed an act mandating the availability of a free and appropriate public education for all handicapped children. In 1990, this act was updated and reformed as the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, which itself was reformed in 1997. At each step, the goal was to make education more equitable and more accessible to
Clinical Psychology Dissertation - Dream Content as a Therapeutic Approach: Ego Gratification vs. Repressed Feelings An Abstract of a Dissertation Dream Content as a Therapeutic Approach: Ego Gratification vs. Repressed Feelings This study sets out to determine how dreams can be used in a therapeutic environment to discuss feelings from a dream, and how the therapist should engage the patient to discuss them to reveal the relevance of those feelings, in their present,
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