¶ … Immigrants Affect the Economy of the United States
Whereas in the 19th century, the United States relied on immigration policies that reflected an imminent need for inexpensive labor, in 1920 the Harding administration severely restricted immigration in a way that penalized Southern and Eastern European immigrants. This lead to a humanitarian crisis when ships with Jewish refugees from Europe in the late 1930's were turned away from American ports. In the mid-1960's, policies changed again in the mid-1960's, when looser immigration controls lead to an influx of Latin American and Asian immigrants.
White immigrants in the past from Europe had readily integrated with American culture. This owed less to a common cultural heritage than to a lack of immigrants in any given area to develop the critical mass necessary to retain a language other than English. Whereas several large cities such as New York and San Francisco retain Chinese or Russian speaking populations, the ease with which Spanish immigrants can find and converse with other Spanish-speakers has created a class rift between Hispanic and white communities, as Hispanic communities continue to remain socially separate while Korean, Indian, Russian, and Chinese immigrants have experienced a pattern of convergence with the American population. If this is the case, Hispanics should be seen as a drain on public assistance programs and the migration of traditionally well-performing immigrants, such as Indians, Russians, Arabs, and Ukrainians, should be encouraged. In that the seasonal migration of workers is to be encouraged for low-skilled workers, perhaps a 'guest worker' program such as those found in European countries such as Germany is in order. My thesis is that Spanish-speaking populations have experienced a pattern of non-convergence, whereas speakers of other languages converge with American society, as did Germans, Poles, Italians, Koreans, Russians and Chinese.
Demographic data about Hispanics is amply available from the United States Census department. Such data includes population, education and income data, as well as statistics on whether or not English is spoken at home, date of entry into the United States, vehicle ownership, occupation, and other things. Testing for convergence is deceptively simple: if a community is populated with newer immigrants, it is impossible to say whether or not they are moving towards convergence; before racial barriers were discarded, many Asians lived in Asian communities in the United States for several decades, where they retained a language and a culture. A first step might be to regress the Hispanic makeup of lower-income housing against that of other recent immigrant populations in areas where other sizable ethnic communities exist. However, the study would have to be limited to Hispanics who have come to the United States from abroad, ruling out those that come from Puerto Rico as this retains a Spanish culture yet is in the United States.
The main task in isolating Hispanic immigrants for comparison will be to distinguish the effects of migrants' years since migration from the effects of aging, time, and personal differences between immigrants. Key to determining this will be a regression between immigrant populations and between the Hispanic immigrant and total population. This study will need to be adjusted for seasonal migration, because many argue that seasonal migrant have lower U.S. earnings than other immigrants. As one study puts it, "those who stay in the U.S. longer are positively self-selected relative to their arrival cohorts."
However, if these migrants are skewed in the other direction, it could be argued that the results are positively skewed. For instance, immigrants who are successful may wish to return to their home countries where the cost of living is lower. This could lead to an underestimation of incomes, etc. when reading census data.
Although factors such as whether or not Hispanics live in their own communities or blend into existing ones are important, most look to income as a primary indicator of whether or not migrants have assimilated successfully. People who earn an average or higher-than-average income are a benefit to society. Because much migrant work is seasonal, it is as important to look at hourly wages, as it is to look at monthly or annual salaries. Often Hispanics are attracted to seasonal jobs and systematically collect unemployment during the off-season.
One method of studying populations involves studying cohorts; predefined like-generational groups of people. One way to measure...
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