¶ … British agricultural revolution and English settlement patterns in their colonies in New England. It is the authors contention that the world view of the English influenced their agricultural practices and the way that these practices changed the ecology of the land in New England. While largely a failure as a commercial enterprise in New England, it did however have commonalities with the Middle and Southern colonies, a relentless drive West and a decimation of Native American cultures and populations. Needless to say, there were huge differences between this English world view and English agricultural policies and the Native American world view, agricultural practices and approach to the environment.
While agriculture was largely a failure as a commercial enterprise in New England, the idea in the English settlers mind to keep pushing West to find arable land was alive and well and continued throughout the colonial period. Surprisingly enough, this English view of agricultural policies was in flux during the colonial experience and after the French and Indian War (post 1763), their policies vis a vis the Native American tribes becoming much more like the French had been in their policies, becoming more tolerant of native cultures in the process. After 1763, the British government attempted to contain colonial settlers to the areas east of the Appalachian Mountains, leading to a major contributing cause cited by colonial leaders as a reason for their revolt against the British Crown.
British Agricultural Innovations
One can not understand agriculture in America unless one understands the mental tool kit brought by British settlers in colonial America. In England, rising populations produced pressures on he price of grain, which gave landlords a justification for innovations to improve their incomes and lifestyle. In do so. landlords began a series of farm innovations that we know as the Agricultural Revolution. The rising price of grain produced a market that favored commercialized agriculture and the end of traditional peasant methods of production based upon communal lands. In England, this led to the enclosure of method of agriculture replacing the open-field method that had been the mainstay since the beginnings of the
This encouraged the use of the fields for pasture land for cattle in order to produce more manure than normally would be needed in order to produce radically increased crop yields. While old school agriculture produced a steady and predictable food supply, it did not produce a growing supply. This spirit of entrepreneurship, even more than technological change was the lasting legacy and it headed over the Atlantic ocean to the New World in New England but failed in New England as a commercial enterprise.1 Unfortunately for the Native Americans, this failure of agriculture in New England did not mean its end as a subsistence enterprise. The result was an unmitigated disaster as their way of life met extinction wherever colonial settlers moved. Their hunting, gathering and village agriculture was just incompatible with the new English ways of private ownership of land, as we will examine in detail below.
Farming, Westward Migration and Fuel for Rebellion
In the New England Colonies, farming was not much of as an overall economic factor. Much of the soil was poor and not good for commercial crops, with early winters killing a lot of crops.2 For scholar Carolyn Merchant, in New England, there was a colonial ecological revolution that occurred during the course of the 17th century that was externally generated by English settlers. This revolution resulted
in the collapse of Native American ecologies and what Merchant calls "the incorporation of a European ecological complex of animals, plants, pathogens, and people...legitimated by a set of symbols that placed cultured
Europeans
above wild nature, other animals, and 'beastlike savages.'"3 Paradise was truly lost for the natives as the plow and the settler came west.
The struggle spoken of above resulted in the push into the American West by New England colonial governments and colonists in order to claim large swaths of what was…
English Colonies Many Europeans viewed America as the New World. To them this was a world full of new expectations, opportunities and, for others, the chance of a new beginning. The success, or failure, of the early settlers was largely dependant on the motives and expectations that they brought with them, but also on the way in which they dealt with the problems awaiting them in their new land. Just
The Crusades The Crusades would shape Islamic attitudes toward the West for centuries, so much so that it was noted that George Bush should never have used the term with reference to the War on Terror because of the bad feelings involved. In the eleventh century, much of the Moslem world was under siege from the Seljuk Turks. The Moslems were in control of the Holy Lands, the seat of Christianity,
Antebellum America The Continental Setting In 1815, the United States still had most of the characteristics of an underdeveloped of Third World society, although most of the world was in the same condition at that time. Its population was about 8.5 million, about triple that of 1776, but over 95% was still rural and agrarian. As late as 1860, over 80% were overall, but by then industrialization and urbanization were well underway
Epidemics and Smallpox in Colonial America In 1992, the Smithsonian Museum held an exhibit on the process of exchanges between the Old World and the New World that resulted from the explorations of Christopher Columbus. The exhibit, entitled Seeds of Change, focused on five catalysts or "seeds" which had the most far-reaching consequences for both Europe and the new colonies in the Americas. These catalysts were the horse, sugar, the potato, corn
This doesn't explain why the Irish had such a difficult time, but in America, religious differences are often the cause of intolerance as well. The truth is that without immigrants in the 19th, 20th, and 21st century -- and of course the two hundred years before this, this nation would not be where or what it is today and to remain true to our roots we must accept that
The milestone that the Civil Rights Movement made as concerns the property ownership is encapsulated in the Civil Rights Act of 1968 which is also more commonly referred to as the Fair Housing Act, or as CRA '68. This was as a follow-up or reaffirmation of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, discussed above. It is apparent that the Civil Rights Act of 1866 outlawed discrimination in property and housing there
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