Graves' Disease Identify the Disease

Graves' disease is a disorder of the immune system that results in too many thyroid hormones being produced, a situation that is called hyperthyroidism. Thyroid hormones impact many different body functions, so the " ... signs and symptoms" that are linked to Graves' disease cannot easily be zeroed in on specifically (Mayo Clinic). Anyone can be stricken with Graves' disease but it is far more common among women who haven't reached the age of 40 yet. To summarize, Graves' is actually caused by a "malfunction of disease-fighting immune system," which is, too many thyroid hormones are being produced.

The Mayo Clinic provides a list of signs and symptoms that a person may have Graves' disease. Some of the signs associated with Graves' disease include: being irritable or anxious; a fine tremor in hands or fingers; sensitive to heat and increased perspiration; losing weight though eating normally; enlarged thyroid gland; interruption of normal menstrual cycles; erectile dysfunction / reduced libido; frequent bowel movements; bulging eyes; rapid heartbeat; and thick, red skin on the feet.

When it comes to bulging eyes, about 30% of those who have Graves' disease experiences these symptoms, called Graves' ophthalmopathy. What happens is the muscles and tissues around the eyes cause a bulging, along with painful eyes, puffy eyelids, double vision, loss of vision and sensitivity to light (Mayo Clinic).

The risk factors include: a family history of Graves' disease; as noted, women are more likely to be afflicted with Graves' disease; people younger than 40 are most apt to struggle with Graves' disease; those with rheumatoid arthritis or type 1 diabetes are candidates for Graves' disease; when a person is in a stressful situation, Graves' is more likely to be triggered; pregnant women have increased risk; and those who smoke tobacco are among the likely sufferers of Graves' disease (Mayo Clinic).

Graves can cause miscarriage in a pregnant women, or "fetal thyroid dysfunction, poor fetal growth," and even heart failure (Mayo Clinic). And Graves' disease can lead to "thyroid storm," which is very rare but potentially life-threatening (Mayo Clinic).
On the subject of Graves' disease and pregnancy, the history of this problem dates back to 1825, when a doctor described a pregnancy that ended in a miscarriage " ... due to thyrotoxicosis" (Bahn, 2015). A 1929 study (Gardiner-Hill) was conducted of 26 cases of Graves' disease during pregnancy; of those, 12 were diagnosed during adolescence and a dozen of the 14 women who developed Graves' disease as adults presented the disease during pregnancy or during the postpartum period (Bahn, 168). Hence it became medically known that women getting Graves' disease "at times other than pregnancy or postpartum is relatively rare" (Bahn, 168).

TWO: Discuss the etiology of the disease and pathogenesis of the disease (components of disease process arranged in order, logically, clearly, and accurately) including the relationship between the components of the disease.

Etiology: The etiology of Graves' disease: it is an autoimmune disorder that is caused by " ... an IgG immunoglobulin stimulating the TSH receptor (TSI -- thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin)" (Bahn, 168). In a pregnant woman, her immune system automatically undergoes a "selective immunosuppression" that allows the woman to accept the "fetal allograft" (Bahn, 168). Essentially, the immunosuppression causes a slow decline in the "titer of TSI with a concomitant improvement in the severity" of the presence of Graves' disease when the woman's pregnancy continues through the three trimesters (Bahn, 168).

That having been pointed out, once a woman with Graves' disease enters into the postpartum period her immune system…