Homelessness in Orange County California
Homelessness in Orange County - II
The natural history of disease refers to the progress of the disease process in an individual over time and in the absence of intervention (Figure 1.1). Knowledge of the natural history of a disease helps us to understand the effects and mechanism of actions, potential interventions, and the different levels of the prevention of disease.
Natural history of disease Source: based on CDC (2002). The disease process begins with exposure to, or completion of, a sufficient cause of the disease. Without an appropriate intervention, the process ends with recovery, disability or death. For example, exposure to the measles virus in a susceptible individual initiates the stage of subclinical disease. The onset of fever on about the 10th day (range 7-18 days) after exposure marks the beginning of clinical disease. The disease, however, is usually diagnosed around the 14th day when the typical rashes appear and then the disease proceeds to recovery, to complications such as pneumonia, or to death, depending on host and other factors (Sulkowski Et Al., 2007).
Many diseases have a typical natural history, but the time frame and manifestations of disease may vary between individuals due to the presence of host factors (e.g. immunity and age) and other determinants of the disease. Many factors may affect the progress of a disease in an individual and the likely outcome. The estimation of an individual's outcome, taking into account the natural history of disease and other risk factors, is known as their prognosis. The course of a disease may also be modified at any point in the progression by preventive and therapeutic measures. The subclinical stage following exposure is usually called the incubation period (for infectious diseases) or the latency period (for chronic diseases).
In a relatively short time period, a great deal of knowledge was accumulated regarding the biology, pathogenesis, and natural history of infection with HIV. Application of serological testing revealed a wide range of clinical manifestations associated with HIV, including asymptomatic carriage for several years, nonspecific symptoms (often called AIDS-related complex) such as fever, diarrhea, weight loss, and generalized lymphadenopathy-increased susceptibility to certain opportunistic pathogens, increased severity of infection with certain conventional pathogens, development of malignancies including KS, primary lymphoma of the brain, other non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, and progressive encephalopathy (HIV dementia) (Wilkinson, 1996).
As the spectrum of illness associated with HIV expanded, the utility of the surveillance definition of AIDS used by the Centers for Disease Control in collecting case reports came under question. The case definition, which had undergone minor revisions and additions between 1982 and 1986, was designed to count only documented infections or malignancies that indicated severe immunodeficiency and occurred in the absence of known causes of reduced resistance. For each indicator disease, there were specific criteria for establishing a definitive diagnosis. Invasive procedures such as bronchoscopy or biopsy, and sophisticated laboratory analysis were often needed to establish that a patient had "CDC-defined" AIDS. If the specified tests were not done or were negative, the patient was not counted as an official AIDS case. In addition, morbidity and mortality due to AIDS-related complex, wasting syndrome, and encephalopathy were not included. Concern developed that a significant amount of HIV-related disease was being overlooked. In September 1987, a new surveillance definition with extensive changes was published (Bedimo Et Al., 2009) in an attempt to incorporate a broader range of HIV-related disease. Presumptive as well as definitive criteria for the diagnosis of opportunistic infections were listed, and HIV wasting syndrome and HIV dementia were added. A number of new infections and malignancies were added. Laboratory evidence of HIV infection (antibody testing, viral culture, or antigen detection) was also required in most of the cases.
An examination of the clinical spectrum of HIV-related disease and the changes in criteria for CDC-defined AIDS reveals a conceptual paradox for epidemiologists that has resulted from the discovery of AIDS and of HIV. "AIDS" is neither a disease nor a syndrome as traditionally defined. To have "AIDS," one must have some other disease, such as Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia or Kaposi's sarcoma. A person with "AIDS" may have both PCP and KS, as well as some other indicator disease, such as a herpes lesion that is progressive and fails to heal after four weeks. But a person with HIV infection who becomes ill and dies does not have "AIDS" unless evidence for one of these or a number of other conditions is found. Thus, "AIDS" is defined in relationship to other known diseases (Sulkowski Et Al., 2007). The statements...
Homelessness in Orange County California HIV / AIDS, Homelessness, and Race in Orange County, California Descriptive Epidemiology Approach Orange County, California, located south of Los Angeles, is not widely known as a place of cultural diversity. Southern Californians often think of life south of 'the Orange Curtain' as consisting of theme parks (e.g. Disneyland and Knott's Berry Farm), high-tech economic growth, master planned communities, suburban affluence, and conservative politics (Anonymous, 2004). But life
Public Health Policy Analysis: AB , as amended -- Homeless Shelters: Safety Regulations.Today, there are more than 5.5 million homeless people in the United States (The state of homelessness in America, 2021), and tens of thousands of these homeless people are living on the streets in California despite increasingly aggressive attempts by the state government to provide effective solutions to this chronic problem. The purpose of this paper is to
role of nurses in dealing with rise and spread of HIV AIDS in the vulnerable community of Orange County Orlando FL. Homeless males between the ages of 40-50 were the target population for this paper. Ways to tackle this issue in accordance with the healthy NC2020 objectives have also been explained. In a diverse population, such as that of Orange County, Orlando FL, there is no doubt that health risks
Hispanic-American Population Assessment POCKETS OF MISERY The Hispanic-Americans of Santa Ana, California are the population to be assessed. National Demographics The total U.S. population is 312 million, according to the latest U.S. Census Bureau report. Almost 50 million of these are Hispanic-Americans. Nationwide, 10% of them are in fair or poor health (NCHS, 2011). The death rate for this population is 297.8 per 100,000 people. Their leading causes of death are heart disease, cancer,
Impact of the problem The possible consequences of the continuation of domestic violence are visible both at the level of the society in terms of human suffering, as well as at the level o the financial perspectives affecting the state and local budget. In the first case, domestic violence, as stated before represents a means through which constant violence, abuse and physiological stress can be perpetuated. At the same time, children become
Criminal Justice System; Theorist Perspective Analysis of the Broken Window Theory The broken window model is a brainchild of Wilson Kelling as he described it in his article way back in 1982. The article capitalizes on supposed essence of disorder such as a broken window in encouraging serious crime. Although there is no direct correlation between disorder and serious crime, it leads to a heightened level of fear that inspires one to
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