In a reversal, which is worth two points, the prone person comes from underneath and gains control. A near fall is worth 2-3 points and is a 'near pin.' The points awarded for a 'near fall' are based upon how long the 'near pin' lasts. Points are also awarded based upon the opponent's infractions. These may include illegal holds, technical violations (like leaving the mat), grabbing clothing, the mat, or the opponent's headgear, locking or overlapping hands, improper or illegal equipment, "stalling," "unnecessary roughness" and "unsportsmanlike conduct" ("Overview of wrestling rules," West Virginia Wresting, 2010). Scholastic wrestling is scored as a team sport as well as individually.
The issue of women in wrestling has proved to be a controversial issue. On the Olympic level, women competed in wrestling for the first time in 2004. "Women from 21 nations competed in four freestyle weight classes. Medals were awarded to wrestlers from around the world, including athletes from Ukraine, Japan, China, France, Russia, Canada and the United States" (Girl Wrestler, Independent Lens, 2000). Japanese women won the largest percentage of medals: two golds, a silver and a bronze (Dicker 2011). However, "women have actually been wrestling since ancient times. Early inscriptions suggest that Spartan girls wrestled during Roman and Byzantine rule. In African tribes, girls often wrestled as part of their ritual initiation into womanhood. Among the Yala of Nigeria and the Njabi of Congo, men and women wrestled one another. In the Diola tribe of Gambia, adolescent boys and girls wrestled, but not against one another" (Girl Wrestler, Independent Lens, 2000).
In high school, where there is often not enough girls to compete in girls-only leagues, girls may wrestle boys in their same weight classes in all states except Texas and Hawaii, which have banned the practice. In all, 5,000 American wrestle at the high school level, compared to about 250,000 boys. "Texas leads the nation with approximately 1,500 girl wrestlers, although...in 1996, the Texas Wrestling Officials Association voted to disband rather than officiate at matches where girls would wrestle boys. In reaction, the Texas University Interscholastic League has ruled that girls can only wrestle other girls at this level, potentially further limiting the possibilities for girl wrestlers to compete" (Girl Wrestler, Independent Lens, 2000).
In high...
History Organization Organizational Structure The company that we will be examining is Apple. They are one the largest computer and electronics manufacturers in the world. At the same time, they also provide support to their various products through additional services they provide (such as: the I Tunes store). It is currently divided into several different divisions to include: Personal Computers, Network Solutions / Peripherals, Media, Digital Content and Third Party Digital Applications.
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