("Golden Age of Jewish Culture" 2005) The Jewish community faced a second and harsher wave of prosecution at the end of the Muslim rule in Spain when, as a result of the Inquisition, sevaral hundred thousand Jews were expelled from Spain and Portugal; most of them fled to the Balkan peninsula under Ottoman Empire.
Money Lending Jews and Isolated Existence
The Jewish communities that settled in various parts of Europe usually kept to themselves (or were forced to do so by others). Most Jews became merchants and money lenders since Usury was declared illegal by the Church for Christians. Although many Jews prospered in this way, their isolated existence and money-lending role made them easy targets as scapegoats for misfortune of others.
Prosecution During Crusades
Although the Christian crusades in the Middle Ages were primarily directed against their arch enemies -- the Muslims, they frequently degenerated into massacres of an easier target -- the Jewish communities in Europe. For example, during the First Crusade in 1096 AD, the German crusaders on their way to the East, turned on the flourishing Jewish communities on the Rhine and the Danube and utterly destroyed them. Similarly, in the Second Crusade (1147) large numbers of Jews in France were subjected to massacres. ("Jews in the Middle Ages" 2005)
Later Middle Ages
Persecution of the Jews became an established feature of European life during the latter part of the Middle Ages. In the 12th century, a belief surfaced among the Christians that Jews engaged in the ritual...
S. Although this concern has remained, nowadays, the agenda of such agencies features a wider range of issues, especially the relationship between the American Jewish community and Israel, as well as that with other Jewish communities all over the world (Chanes: Advocacy Organizations). The Jewish Education Service of North America (JESNA) and the Coalition for the Advancement of Jewish Education (CAJE) are national bodies dealing with Jewish education (Ibid.: Educational
That was a term that was used only later by historians and others that talked about that particular period of time in German history (Kolb, 2004). Those who were involved with the Republic called it the German Reich (Peukert, 1993). From the point of creation of the Republic, Germany was launched into an experiment in modernity that did not turn out the way that they hoped it would. Part of
Ritual Murder Accusation at Blois Ephraim Ben-Jacob wrote an article titled "The Ritual Accusation at Blois" during the "History of the Relationship" era. The excerpts from the book have been acquired from "A Book of Historical Records," and "The Jew Medieval World," pages 127 to 130. The writing of the article is precisely during the medieval era. The author started the article with questions like "What shall we say before God?
Menorah and Its Symbolism to the Jewish Community The menorah, originally a seven-branched candelabrum used in the Temple, is one of the oldest symbols used by the Jewish faith. In contrast to the ancient menorah of Exodus is the Chanukkah menorah with eight candles, which is used today. The use of eight candles celebrates the miracle that a small amount of oil lasted for eight days. Today's nine-branched menorah is used
History Of Zionism Zionism is the political movement that arose in Europe in the late 19th century with the aim of creating a Jewish state in Palestine. It asserted that the Jewish people were a separate nation and were entitled to have a country of their own and succeeded in its objective with the establishment of the state of Israel in 1948. Since then, the Zionist movement has concentrated on strengthening Israel
A Jewish joke is, as Raskin suggests, one that transcends time. The Jewish joke may even transcend cultural context because the family of Jews spread around the world can use humor as a thread of connection. However, Jewish jokes do not stagnate. They evolve in order to reflect the lives and culture of the people who understand them. Another common feature of Jewish jokes is that they reflect pain and
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