The history of heroin in the US is very interesting when a researcher finds out that heroin was sold over the counter at the turn of the century. As a result many people became addicted and it was eventually banned. San Diego today is a place where black tar heroin is sold by street gangs, as it is easy to obtain given that San Diego is so close to the border with Mexico.
Heroin History -- San Diego
Brief Introduction to the History of Heroin
The drug known today as "heroin" is actually an opioid that was first synthesized into heroin in 1874. In fact heroin was also synthesized by the Bayer aspirin company in 1897 and sold as a legal pain-killer for years prior to its regulation in the United States. "The initial response to the launch of heroin by the Bayer Company was overwhelmingly positive," according to an article published in the Sunday Times (1998). The chemist for Bayer was Heinrich Dreser, and he wrote about heroin in several medical journals, and additional studies "…endorsed the view that heroin could be effective in treating asthma, bronchitis, phthisis and tuberculosis" (Sunday Times, p. 2).
By the year 1899 Bayer was making about "…a ton of heroin a year," and the company exported its brand of heroin to 23 countries; but the citizens most willing to buy and use Bayer's heroin were those in the United States (Sunday Times, p. 4). There were heroin cough drops, heroin tablets, "water-soluble heroin salts" and even heroin elixir in a glycerin solution. The American Medical Association actually gave its endorsement of Bayer's heroin in 1906, albeit the AMA warned that it was potentially habit-forming. Bayer ceased production of heroin in 1913, because there had been "an explosion of heroin-related admissions at New York and Philadelphia hospitals" (Sunday Times, p. 5).
The NIDA International Program data (Question 2) shows that by 1900, up to 300,000 Americans (including some in San Diego and elsewhere in Southern California) were "addicted to opiates," including heroin. Immigrants were drawn to opioid addiction between 1910 and 1950, the NIDA data reflects. Those most easily addicted to heroin were Latino immigrants (many from Mexico that looked for work and ended up settling in San Diego and Southern California), young people, those who were "unmarried, poor, primarily male," and of ethnic minorities. Heroin was made an official controlled substance in 1912, and between 1924 and 1960, the U.S. began implementing "stiffer narcotics policies" and in 1962 the White House Conference on Narcotic Drug Abuse began advocating for "…more flexible sentencing, wider latitude in medical treatment, and more emphasis on rehabilitation and research" (NIDA Question 3).
When did Heroin use begin in San Diego County?
That is an impossible question to answer. One can safely assume that during the time that heroin was a legal drug -- that a person could buy without a prescription for about $5.00 a bottle -- there were users in San Diego. Facts related to the use of heroin through history in San Diego were not available for this paper. Contact with the Sheriff's office, the Drug Enforcement Agency's bureau in San Diego, and other agencies were not successful in terms of finding information leading to the history of heroin use in San Diego.
However, it is known that a subculture of Chicanos in Southern California (including San Diego) became addicted to heroin in the 1960s and 1970s. A scholarly article in the American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse (Jorquez, 1984) reports on the life history studies of 18 Southern California "ex-tecatos" ("tecato" is Spanish for Chicano heroin addict), men who were able to get off of heroin.
These men had been considered "indestructible junkie worms" ("tecato gusano" is the term used to describe them) but they used various coping methods to avoid relapsing into addiction. Their coping methods were successful for most of them, and one of the coping methods involved avoiding "dangerous situations" that might trigger a strong desire to get back into the habit (Jorquez). What the study of these 18 Latino men revealed was that just because they were an "ex-tecato," doesn't mean they lived lives free of criminal activity, but they were able to kick the habit and stay drug-free for up to 24 years (Jorquez).
Recent Heroin use in San Diego
The National Drug Intelligence Center reports that "…virtually all the heroin that is available" in San Diego "is of Mexican origin," and most of the heroin in San Diego is "black tar" heroin (National Drug Intelligence Center - NDIC). In fact black tar heroin is available in "multi-kilogram quantities"; one-half to one-pound quantities of black tar are "common in San Diego County" (NDIC). The black tar sells for between $800 to The NDIC report states that the number of users injecting heroin in San Diego is on the increase; about fifty percent of the drug is dispensed in San Diego County by street gangs (NDIC). Those San Diego gangs include: Vista Home Boys, Barrio Fallbrook Locos, and Barrio Encinitas (NDIC).
Most of the black tar comes into San Diego from Tijuana via San Ysidro, and from Mexicali via Calexico, and through Otay Mesa and Tecate (NDIC). The drug comes through in vehicles driven by couriers and "…females are used more often than males to move large quantities of heroin" (NDIC).
You’re 80% through this paper. Sign up to read the full paper.
Sign Up Now — Instant Access Already a member? Log inAlways verify citation format against your institution’s current style guide requirements.