While the categorical aid as described in the 1958 and 1965 legislation allowed some room for negotiations on the state-church issue, it yet faced another problem due to the opposition that did not want a federal control over their states. This dragged the implementation process of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act. It was in the interest of the federal government to keep a check on how the funds that they allocated were being spent thus federal control was inevitable. The resistance however did not want any intervention and thus opposed any control and checks by the federal government.
There was a Public Law 94-142 passed in 1975 which was in favor for the education of handicapped children. The passing of this law experienced a slow but sure professional change in approach. These developments are incremental and as far as the history of the role played by the federal government in matters of education, such factors include the gradual acceptance of the federal control over other sectors like transportation and housing by the general public. This also increased the acceptance threshold of the public in the evolution of constitutional concepts regarding education and trends in immigration. Conditions that lead to policy excogitations depend on such developments.
In 1867 there was the Department of Education Act which gave a job description to the new Agency of Education to collect statistical data and information about the condition of education throughout the county. Further they were to distribute this information which also included observations of teaching methods and school organizations. Henry Bernard and John Eaton (Bernard's successor) who served from 1870 to 1886 conducted this assignment and gathered immense statistics and also hired professional writers to write the reports. They compiled numerous books on education, minutes of national meetings regarding education including surveys of knowledge on a wide range of education related topics. The Agency of Education was later termed as the Bureau of Education which continued to collect and compile data and statistics and distributed it. They reported to the Congress on the current condition of the schools all over the nation and wrote various reports promising developments in the education sector. During the tenure of Ronald Regan, the then Assistant Secretary of the Office of Educational Research and Improvement, Donald Senese stated that the majority of Republicans including President Ronald Regan recognized the importance of educational research and statistics to be the lawful role of the federal government. In the course of the tenure of President Regan, the New York Times wrote a story of getting a Grant from the Regan administration. The City of New York agreed that a project would only be possible if the federal government provided the funding. "Next a Grant writer of Grant-writing firm would be hired." The fee that was paid at that time for writing the Grant was $500,000. "I expect that bureaucrats in Washington spent an equal amount of time and money to approve the Grant. And finally, the bureaucrats in New York received a check for $2 1/2 million. I don't think that it's financially prudent to pay a 40% bureaucracy tax on any project - boondoggle or not."
The President and the members of the Congress added a range of functions to the above functions which they felt best in terms of national interest as far as education was concerned. These were approved through legislation. This was followed by the federal government giving the funds promised by them.
As previously stated, federal aid to the education sector bloomed after the Second World War due to the reason that it was during this period that the governments became active in development projects. In addition to the education sector, these development projects were being carried out in many sectors like housing, health and transportation. As improved educational facilities became part of the national interest, discretionary legislation in education at the federal level intensified. The past five decades have witnessed an increase in grants by the federal government for libraries, teaching and learning, metric education, language and science laboratories, development of content standards and assessments as well as many other functions. This has certainly improved the quality of the education sector and promises a bright future.
Regardless of the consensual nature and voluntary nature of these programs might be, the general public including politicians and educators differ in their opinion on the extent to which the federal government should be involved in the elementary and secondary education. There exists a wide spectrum of opinions. There is one end, being the ones...
Oldest and Largest Federal Aid Program to Schools Department of Education Web site, the headline above Title 1 reads: "Improving the Academic Achievement of the Disadvantaged." Further into the government's description of Title 1 - the largest and oldest federal aid program for elementary and secondary schools - readers learn that it exists in order "...to ensure that all children have a fair, equal, and significant opportunity to obtain a high-quality
history of the League of Women Voters rightly begins with the very inception of the Women's Movement and the fight for liberation in the United States. During the early history of the United States there was little, if any respect for the principles of women's rights. In an intensely patriarchal society a man " ... virtually owned his wife and children as he did his material possessions. If a
45, for instance, where he argues that "the State governments may be regarded as constituent and essential parts of the federal government; whilst the latter is nowise essential to the operation or organization of the former. Without the intervention of the State legislatures, the President of the United States cannot be elected at all." (Rossiter, 287) This is a position which suggests not only that the Federalists felt that
History Of Human Services When the Kalamazoo Foundation began in 1925, the welfare state in the U.S. was minimal, and on the federal level almost nonexistent. Problems of poverty, hunger, racism, unemployment, and inadequate education were largely left to the start and local levels to be dealt with by private charities and religious organizations. This only changed with the expansion of the federal safety net during the New Deal of the
(Famous Cattle Trails) The Trail in fact aided in the collection of herds of cattle from San Antonio, Helena and Texana in the south and Uvalde, and also from Comanche and Fort Worth, from further north. From Fort Worth, the Chisolm Trail goes straight northwards, and crosses the Red River at Red River Station, and when it reaches the Indian Nation Territory, it passes through Rush Springs, Kingfisher and Hennessy
Rule: Any out-of-court statement offered to prove the truth of the matter asserted is generally inadmissible as hearsay. (801-802) However, hearsay may be admitted, in a prosecution for homicide or in a civil case, if the declarant, while believing the declarant's death to be imminent, made the statement about its cause or circumstances. (804(b)(2). Application: Here, the defense attorney's objection is premised on the fact that the deceased Sam's statements are
Our semester plans gives you unlimited, unrestricted access to our entire library of resources —writing tools, guides, example essays, tutorials, class notes, and more.
Get Started Now