¶ … Origins of Behaviorism
Behaviorism, Its Historical origins, principles and contribution to the broader field of psychology
Darwin (1809-1882) is the main scientist credited with evolutionary theory, and he was highly influential. In 1859/1985 he published The Origin of Species. This text proposed that evolution is inevitable and mechanical. He discussed the organism-environment adaptation, a precursor to the stimulus- response of behaviourism. He felt that his studies on plants and animals could be translated into human study. The human could be observed through anatomy and behaviour. This idea set the tone for behaviourism, "Animal behaviour became of interest to psychology as a result of evolutionary theory" (Mackenzie, 1977).
Children were studied as earlier versions of the adult species. Darwin expanded Haeckel's recapitulation theory and in 1877 he published A Biographical Sketch of an Infant. This was 294 pages of observations on children. Francis Galton (1822-1911) was Darwin's cousin; he continued the work with the term "hereditary genius" (1877). He studied the children of successful students, combined Darwin's evolution, and empirical science to state that genius was genetic. (Galton, 1892) He helped child psychology understand that children inherit traits from their families. As psychology grew into a science, many people were interested in this new idea of evolution. Evolutionary theory fit directly into the scientific paradigm. Psychology could borrow evolutionary methods and align with objective, observable laws, and measurements. "Scientific work all reflected, in one way or another, Darwinian concerns for function, development, adaptation, and individual differences" (Benjamin, 1988).
Many more scientists after Darwin brought evolution into psychology, including H. Spenser, Romanes, Fabre, Bechterew, Peckhams, Freud, K. Groos, and Hall. Herbert Spenser (1820-1903) "was concerned that psychology takes its place among the natural sciences and that it extricates itself from the purely speculative discipline of philosophy" (Robinson, 1995). Spenser wrote Principals of Psychology and linked psychology to evolution. Spenser is known as one of the founders of experimental psychology. In 1882, George Romanes (1848-1894) published Animal Intelligence, where evolution theory was linked to psychology. Romanes accepted "only observable behaviour as evidence of psychological functions" (Robinson, 1995). Fabre (1823-1915), Bechterew (1857-1927), and Peckhams (1845-1914) were also following Darwin's studies as physicists, professors, chemists, and...
James II. had pursued it from a very different point-of-view when he consolidated the northern and middle colonies under Sir Edmund Andros (Appleby, 1984). The high-handed proceedings of Andros and his master rendered the Americans averse from any future plans of federation imposed from without, and the social and religious differences between the various regions long prevented the rise of any motion to union from within. All had their
Principal-Agent Model in Economics and Political Science The international political perspectives of free trade A Global Analysis International Trade Impact on Tunisia The Export of agricultural products International trade and development of Tunisia Balance in the Trade Regime Imports and exports of Tunisia Exports Imports Coping With External and Internal Pressures The Common External Tariff (CET) Safeguard Measures Anti-Dumping Duties (ADDs) and Countervailing Duties (CVDs) Rules of origin The New Commercial Policy Instrument Sector Based Aspects GATT/WTO's Main Principles Non-discriminatory trade Multilateral negotiation and free trade The Trading Policies
The Leblanc alkali production processes were especially pernicious, but they followed along the lines of previous industrial processes. In other words, the first British environmental legislation was a response not so much to a qualitative change in industrial processes and their environmental impact but more to a quantitative increase in sources of pollution that had up to that point been (if only barely) tolerable. Legislation Arising From Public Anger At the
In November they started making their upset known to diverse government officials. However for economic and political causes the prime minister along with his supporters could not disregard these commercial distress indications. In addition Rockingham and his chief financial minister, Edmund Burke and William Dowdeswell were assured that colonial reactions to the Stamp Act accounted for the recent turn down in British trade to North America and during 1765
NAFTA Historical Beginning of NAFTA (with specific bibliography) NAFTA Objectives What is NAFTA The Promise of NAFTA NAFTA Provisions Structure of NAFTA Years of NAFTA (NAFTA not enough, other plus and minuses).. Environmental Issues Comparative Statements (Debate) NAFTA - Broken Promises NAFTA - Fact Sheet Based Assessment NAFTA & Food Regulation NAFTA - The Road Ahead NAFTA in Numbers Goal Fulfillment Major Milestones Consolidated Bibliography This study set out to examine the inner workings of the North American Free Trade Agreement. The aim of this study is
Africa and the Anthropologist Literature Review AFRICA AND THE ANTHROPOLOGIST: LITERATURE REVIEW The work of Lefkowitz (2012) and the work of Bernal (1996) oppose one another on the history of Greece as it relates to the history of Egypt with each of these authors making valid points for their argument however, Lefkowitz stubbornly refuses to consider that anything good or worthy could have arisen out of Africa while the evidence is clearly
Our semester plans gives you unlimited, unrestricted access to our entire library of resources —writing tools, guides, example essays, tutorials, class notes, and more.
Get Started Now