Hip Hop Culture
The History of Hip Hop Culture
The roots of hip hop culture are in West African and African-American music (Armstrong, 1997; Hummell, 2002). The griots of West Africa are a group of traveling singers and poets, whose musical style is very similar to hip hop. The most important direct influence on the creation of hip hop music was the Jamaican style called dub, which arose in the 1960's. Dub musicians isolated percussion breaks because dancers at clubs typically preferred the rhythms of the often-short breaks. Soon, performers began speaking in sync with these rhythms. In 1967, Jamaican immigrants brought dub to New York City, where it evolved into hip hop (Hummell, 2002; Mills, 1999). In Jamaica, dub music diversified into genres such as reggae and dancehall.
True hip hop arose during the 1970's when block parties became common in New York City, especially the Bronx. Block parties were usually accompanied by music, especially funk and soul music. The early disk jockeys (DJ's) at block parties began isolating the percussion breaks to popular songs of the day, realizing that these were the most danceable and entertaining parts. This technique was then common in Jamaica and had spread because of a substantial Jamaican immigrant community in New York City (Armstrong, 1997). Dub had arisen in Jamaica due to the influence of American sailors and radio stations playing rhythm and blues. By the end of the 1970's, hip hop music was beginning to become a major commercial and artistic force and had spread throughout the United States (Mills, 1999). During the 1980's and 1990's, hip hop gradually became mainstream in the United States and, to a lesser degree, worldwide.
Branches of Hip Hop Culture
The five main branches of hip hop culture include: a) mixing, which is the art of combining sounds using turntables or other sources, b) "b boying" or dancing, c) graffiti art, d) "MC'ing," and e) beat boxing (Farmington, 2002).
Mixing
The introduction of the digital sampler changed the way hip hop was produced. A sampler can digitally record and save small sound clips from any output device, such as a turntable. Producers were able to sample their own drum sounds from the records they were listening to. They could sample horns, upright basses, guitars and pianos to play along with their drums.
B-boying
B-boying is a form of hip hop dancing, which is popularly known as breaking. It consists of top or up rock, footwork, spinning moves (power moves), and freeze. It was the late 1960's and 1970's when people started a sort of b-boying in Bronx, New York. Breaking is the most popular style of hip hop dancing and it has been spreading all over the world while new school dancing such as hip hop and house were limited to big cities in the U.S. And Japan.
B-boying became even more popular in 80s. It was first introduced to outside of New York City and the rest of world by the movie "Flashdance" in 1983. Even though it was not a b-boying movie, the short scene which featured b-boying on a street had a great impact enough to inspire people to start b-boying all over the world. After "Flashdance," many breaking movies were made such as "Breakin'," "Breaking'2," and "Beat street."
Graffiti Art
One of the earliest and most important graffiti crews was the Black Spades (Farmington, 2002). The Black Spades were followed by many other crews and graffiti art arose to mark boundaries between them. Graffiti as an art had been known since at least the 1950's, but began developing in earnest in 1969 and flourished during the 1970's. By 1976, graffiti artists began painting whole murals using advanced techniques.
MC'ing
In the 1970s and 1980s, the term MC (short for Master of Ceremonies) was generally associated with what is now called rapping in hip hop music. Rap music is one of the elements of hip hop; it is a form of rhyming lyrics spoken rhythmically over musical instruments, with a musical backdrop...
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Sadly, what began as a means of artistic expression has evolved into a phenomenon that has centered on exploiting women and glamorizing crime and violence, leading listeners to believe that this is not only the acceptable way of treating women, but also that the crime and violence are socially accepted norms. Works Cited Alridge, D. & Stewart, J. "Introduction: Hip Hop in History: Past, Present, and Future." Journal of African-American History. 90(3) Summer
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