Nor did prospects improve for Hudson upon his return to England. There, Hudson was arrested in England for illegally sailing for the Dutch, and was accused of treason, a charge of which he was eventually cleared (Chadwick, 1997, "Henry Hudson's third voyage").
Charting unknown waters was difficult and dangerous during this era of European exploration. It was impossible to accurately determine longitude "Most sailors relied on 'dead reckoning' - the pilot's estimated ship's speed through the use of a logline," a "line with knots in it and a weighted wooden float attached to the end" (Chadwick, 1997, "Henry Hudson: Hudson's background and early years"). The other navigational tools available were a magnetic compass, using the North Star as a guide, and determining latitude through a quadrant, using "a plumb line" that "would hang straight down over the curved area to indicate the height of the [North] star in degrees (equivalent to latitude)" (Chadwick, 1997, "Henry Hudson: Hudson's background and early years").
Given these primitive devices, Hudson cannot be faulted for a lack of fearlessness, although he is also reported to have "appeared weak at times, and vacillated between appeasement and force when dealing with crew, seldom disciplining them when or as required, often showing favoritism to some members at the expense of the others," which caused other members of the crew to question his authority (Chadwick, 1997, "Henry Hudson: Hudson's background and early years"). The extremity of conditions the crew suffered in the cold, the lack of maps, the presence of the natives, and the fear of the unknown posed additional complications for Hudson's leadership. "His attempt to show leniency to mutinous crew in Ungava Bay when strength might have been the better choice only led to...
Diversity and Global Understanding -- Irish & Dutch Immigration What were the contributions of the Dutch and Irish immigrants to America by the 1870s? What was the pattern of the Dutch immigration into the new country and what was the pattern of the Irish as they flowed from Great Britain to America? These and other issues will be addressed in this paper. The Literature on Irish Immigration into America Where did the Irish
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