It is reported that many modern approaches to damage identification are "based on the idea of pattern recognition (PR)." (Worden and Barton, 2003) A PR algorithm is stated to be one that assigns to a sample of measured data a class label, usually from a finite set. In the case of damage identification, the measured data could be vibration modeshapes, full-field thermoelastic data, scattered wave profiles etc. The appropriate class labels would encode damage type, location etc. In order to carry out the higher levels of identification using PR, it will almost certainly be necessary to construct examples of data corresponding to each class." (Worden and Barton, 2003, p.3) It is additionally reported that the "holistic approach to fault identification "requires that the diagnostic system should be carefully designed with the objectives in mind." (Worden and Barton, 2003, p.3)
Prior to this a pre-planning or evaluation stage is desirable and is defined by Farrar and Doebling (2000) which requires the architect of the monitoring system to first: (1) provide economic and/or life safety jurisdictions for performing the monitoring; (2) define system-specific damage including types of damage and expected locations (e.g. Failure Modes Effects Analysis (FMEA) and Failure Modes Effects and Criticality Analysis (FMECA); (3) Define the operational and environmental conditions under which the system functions; (4) define the operational and environmental conditions under which the system functions; (5) define the limitations on data acquisition in the operational environment. (Worden and Barton, 2003, p.3)
The work of Lin and Makis (2003) entitled: "Recursive Filters for a Partially Observable System Subject to Random Failure" reports the consideration of a failure-prone system which operates in continuous time and is subject to condition monitoring at discrete time epochs..." And states that the assumption made is that "the state of the system evolves as a continuous-time Markov process with a finite state space." (Lin and Makis, 2003, p.1) It is reported that the observation process is "stochastically related to the state process which is unobservable, except for the failure state." (Lin and Makis, 2003, p.1)
Combination of the information on failure and the information contained from condition monitoring and the use of the change of measure approach results in derivation of a general recursive filter and it is related that in special cases that obtained were recursive formulae for the state estimation and other quantities of interest. Up-dated parameter estimates are obtained using the EM algorithm." (Lin and Makis, 2003, p.1)
The work of Farrar and Lieven (2006) entitled: "Damage Prognosis: The Future of Structural Health Monitoring" states that "some of the most rapidly evolving technologies that will impact the ability to perform DP are associated with sensing, processing and telemetry hardware. There are extensive efforts underway at both academic and corporate research centers to develop large-scale, self-organizing and embedded sensing networks...
The aircraft collided with power lines. The flight was being operated without a flight plan being filed under the required rules. Visual conditions prevailed at the time of the accident and due to the accident; the commercial pilot and passenger received fatal injuries. The helicopter was destroyed. The flight had started at 1835 and according to the operator the pilot had a standard pattern of usage which included delivery
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