¶ … healthcare environment, Palese et al. (2011) argue there is no effective data to support that patients' satisfaction is correlated with a nursing care. Moreover, there is evidence revealing uncertainty in the nursing care environment since there is lack of identification of caring consequences. While the patient's satisfaction has been linked with nurses' caring behaviors, however, there is no empirical evidence to support "the effect of caring on patient's satisfaction." (Palese, Tomietto, Suhonen et al. 2011 p 342). Moreover, there is ongoing scientific debate to ascertain the meaning of caring with reference to a caring context, and working environment to support nurse is caring. Palese et al. (2011) also reveal that there is scanty of studies that focus on the "international cross-cultural nursing studies" (p 342) despite that the European Union has opened its border for free movement of nursing professional to enhance common base and safeguard equal opportunity that will safeguard quality care for every citizen across European countries.
b. The authors state independent variables in the problem statement, however, the authors do not clearly identify the dependent variables in the problem statement.
c. Yes, the variables are empirically testable.
d. Yes, the population is specified in the problem statement because the authors identify patient's satisfaction and nursing caring behaviors across six European countries.
e. Yes, the problem is relevant to nursing profession because nurses need to understand the relationship between nursing caring behavior and patient's satisfaction to enhance effectiveness of nursing profession. (Burston, & Stichler, 2010).
f. Statement of purpose
The purpose of the study is to address the following research questions:
"What is the correlation between caring as perceived by patients and patient satisfaction?" (Palese, et al. 2011 p 342).
"Are there differences across various countries on the correlation on caring as perceived by patients and patient satisfaction?" (Palese, et al. 2011 p 342).
"Do caring behaviors affect patient satisfaction?" (Palese, et al. 2011 p 342).
2. Literature Review
a. Yes both independent and dependent variable are adequately reviewed because the authors reviews the literatures that mention patient's satisfaction as evidence of nursing outcome. Moreover, the authors mention demography, patient's expectations, social and cultural aspects in the literature review, which serves as dependent variables.
b. No, the strengths and weakness of the studies reviewed are not included in the review.
c. Yes, the literature provides linkage between variables. For example, patient' satisfaction are linked with demography, patient's expectations, length of stay, care received, social and cultural aspects.
d. Yes, the review includes the data-based and conceptual literature. For example, the concepts such as patient satisfaction, nursing care, treatment regimes, dissatisfied patients, and European countries are mentioned in the literature.
e. No, the authors use both primary and second sources in the review.
f. In the review, some sources are current while some sources are not current. For example, some sources used in the review are dated back as far back as 1998. The dates of the non-current sources in the review are 1998, 2002, 2003, and 2004. However, other sources are current.
g. No, there is no synthesis summary in the literature review.
f. Yes, operational and conceptual definition are clearly identified.
i. Yes, inconsistencies or gaps are identified. For example, the authors reveal that majority of the studies on nursing outcomes are based on administrative data, however, they fail to base on the actual patient's perception. Moreover, the available past studies mainly adopt retrospective study design rather the using the prospective or actual study design. The authors also point out that "measuring the relationship between nursing and nursing outcome has received less attention." (Palese, Tomietto, Suhonen et al. 2011 p 342).
3. Theoretical Framework
a. Yes, the authors clearly identify the theoretical frameworks as patient satisfaction and nursing care.
b. Yes, the theoretical framework is consistence with conceptual definition. For example, the authors identify that nursing caring is correlation with patients satisfaction despite that the studies aim to review the issue. Thus, the authors aim to investigate the "surgical patient satisfaction as an outcome of nurses' caring behaviors": (Palese, Tomietto, Suhonen et al. 2011 p 341).
c. Yes, the theoretical framework is based on a nursing theory. For example self-care theory is a nursing theory that argues that nursing intervention is very critical in enhancing patient's self-care and outcomes.
4. Research Questions / Hypotheses
a....
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