¶ … categories of variation in health care: process variation, outcome variation and performance variation. Process variation reflects differences in established processes. Outcome variation reflects differences in outcomes that are occur versus those that are expected. Performance variation is variation in how things are done.
Process variation occurs when there is a defined process, and then the person expected to undertake that performance deviates from the specifications. A benign example would be the process for cleaning a room after a patient is discharged, before the next patient arrives. There is a checklist that represents that process, and if something is not done, that would be a process variation.
Outcome variation occurs when even if something is done according to the right process, for one reason or another it does not work out that the outcome is as expected. For example, suppose that the nurse does everything that was part of the role, but the patient suffered a negative outcome that was against the odds. In such a situation the outcome would be different than expected, but not because of the process.
Performance variation is when the performance is not up to the standards as set by the process. So the process is basically designed in the right way, but the person tasked with implementation of the process made a mistake and the outcome was less than optimal as a result of this.
In health care quality management, understanding these different types of variations matters. The quality manager looks at outcome variance to know when something went wrong, but just knowing that something went wrong is not enough. The manager needs to be able to recognize which different type of variation occurred, because these different types reflect quite different approaches to solving the problem. When the problem is the process, you redesign the process. When the problem is performance, you work with the staff to improve performance. When the problem is outcome, that means that the issue lies somewhere else; maybe random chance but maybe some other variable that has yet to be accounted for.
Q3. Quality assurance is finding ways to ensure that quality is at a steady rate. It reflects management that is focused on determining and maintaining standards of quality. So this is the set of tactics and strategies that results in consistently high levels of quality.
For the health care manager, quality improvement reflects understanding what the current level of quality is, and undertaking changes to raise that level of quality. Quality...
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This situation was also due to slower growth in prescription drugs. Other categories that reported slower growth include: physician and clinical services, home health care, and other professional services. Regarding prescription drug spending, the value increased 5.8%. For the previous year, the increase was of 8.6%. The reason for this category's evolution is Medicare drug spending significant deceleration, along with generic drugs increased use. Use of brand name drugs was
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