Grief Process for Africans, The Tutsi Tribe Grief process for Africans, the Tutsis tribe

Death is certain to human existence. Different cultures and communities in the world have different perceptions towards death, believes about life after death and the rituals surrounding death. African communities have many similarities in their view about death. The similarities revolve around the beliefs in life after death and certain rituals that are necessary when a person dies. In order to discuss matters relating to death in an African set up, the paper will consider the Tutsis tribe in central Africa the modern day Burundi. The Tutsi people are the second largest ethnic group in Burundi. The warrior people of Burundi is a nickname mostly used to refer to the Tutsi, and they are a small percentage in other nations such as the democratic Republic of Congo. The names Watutsi, Batusi or Tussi all refer to the Tutsi community, which formed the aristocratic minority in both Burundi and Rwanda. They constitute 14% and 9% of the population in the respective countries.

Theologically, death refers to the separation of soul and body. Most African communities accept death as part of the life cycle. There is a general perception that every death has a cause associated with the supernatural power (Lugira, 2009). The unpredictability and inevitability of death fascinate and frighten many Africans in the Tutsi tribe. No one has a clear definition or an understanding about death in the Tutsi tribe. Though death is inevitable, Africans in the Tutsi tribe both accept and deny this fact. Evidence about this double view about death in the Tutsi tribe is clear in their set of beliefs referred to as reincarnation. Reincarnation refers to the worship of ancestors. The Tutsi people believe the spirit of deceased remains in the world, especially in the community and can come back embodied in another person. According to Twagilimana (1998), this double view about death brings out the African view about death that, life does not end after death. Life continues although there are some changes in the state of a person.

Africans in the tribe of Tutsi believe that, the death of a person is the beginning of another life. The double view about death shows the fear in the African setup when it comes to matters relating to death. People cannot accept it to be part of their daily life. To African people specifically the Tutsi, death is a state where a person will have a deeper understanding of both the visible and invisible environment. To the living, a dead person will become an ancestor (Twagilimana, 1998). To become an ancestor in the afterlife is the main goal. The Tutsi's view about death finds its grounds in the African traditional religions. The African religious believes define the views that a community has towards life and death. The beliefs of life after death and worshiping of the ancestors is the core to understanding the African religious setup. Asuquo (2011) notes that, death in the African setup especially in the Tutsi community, is a process that removes an individual from the current situation to the past. After the death and mourning, the deceased people are now the ancestors of the community.

The community agrees that death removes a person from the physical world after a particular period. It is a transition to the land of spirits and not a separation from the physical family of a person. The spirit may come back to the family and society. The African religion in the Tutsi tribe acknowledges that death is God's plan and serves the purpose of removing an individual from the physical world when one's time is up. Death does not completely separate a person from the world but transforms one into a spirit capable of observing both the invisible and visible environments. Asuquo (2011) states that, the notion about life as a spirit are based on beliefs and perceptions like dreams, visions and hallucinations which cannot scientifically or independently be verified. The Tutsi believes that a dead person is not completely off from the society as they can appear in their dreams or human interactions. The purpose of their reappearance can be for giving life instructions, valuable information, or warnings. The spirits of ancestors can explain the misconducts of the community and may punish them. The Tutsi people name their children using the ancestors' names to express their belief about the return of the dead. This shows that...

Bad people who do evil in the society do not become ancestors. The society believes that the final destiny of a man depends on how the individual lived on earth. These are indications to how the Tutsi people strongly believe in life after death. Being one of the Bantu groups in Africa who strongly believe in the afterlife, the Tutsi community also believes that death does not annihilate life. The departed members of the community continue to exist in the hereafter. According to Gehman (2005), the Africans use of particular terms to refer to the dead people shows their strong believe in life after death.
Many African societies, the Tutsi in particular use terms such as "he has gone home," "home going" or "escape to join the ancestors" to express the presence of life after death. In an African setup particularly among the Tutsi, death is necessary for joining the spirit world. Gehman (2005) asserts that, African perceives death as a way of reducing the population of the living and increasing the population in the ancestral household. He further explains that, without death, the living could not rise to their position in a particular society as a 'living dead' to be venerated. Although the Tutsi believes in life after death, death remains the most fearful part of the daily life. Death is an enemy and greatly resented. It takes time to reconcile the fact that a dead person is no longer a shadow but a ghost. This fear increases in the society because a person does not return in the human body. The society's belief that the dead become the living-dead does not remove the sense of loss or fear of death from the members of the Tutsi tribe. The community seeks explanation to any death that occurs. They believe that every death has a cause behind it.

Apart from the beliefs in reincarnation, the Africans in Tutsi tribe believe in transmigration. This refers to the changing of a person into an animal. The community believes the dead can transform and inhabit particular animals after death. Depending with the initial status of a person, they may transform into certain animals that suit their characteristics. The society believes that a ruler may appear as a lion, leopard, or any other fearful animal. Dead people may also inhabit totem animals of the community, and in most cases, the totem animals are fearsome. This reappearance may symbolize the punishments that the dead can inflict on the living if the community does not uphold the required moral values. Due to the powers that the dead can have upon the living, the community accords a respectful burial procedure for the dead. The burial follows particular rituals, which aim at uniting the dead to the ancestors and the living dead.

The society believes that if a dead person does not receive an appropriate funeral, there is a high possibility that the person can become a wandering ghost and bring danger to those who are still alive (Twagilimana, 1998). In this regard, the society carries out a peaceful burial and asks the dead person to protect the family from any harm. According to the group's traditions, the burial rites mark the end of mourning. Depending with the relationship of the dead person and the living, burial may take place near the homestead or far away. People who are not acceptable in the society such as witches, thieves or other evil doers, the community does not accord proper burial to them and are buried away from homesteads. The purpose of this is to avoid harm to the family in case the dead person returns. In typical cases, those attending the burial farewell are very attentive to give the departed a proper farewell. The Tutsi community acknowledges the necessity that the spirit of the departed be content in the world beyond and not come back as a dissatisfied ghost to cause harm to those left behind (Lugira, 2009).

The society simultaneously mourns for the dead and celebrates life in all its abundance. The purpose of this is to reduce the effect of death especially to the close family of the deceased. Although the community mourns equally for all dead people, the death of a young person is not easy to accept and more painful. Death in immaturity requires special explanation. In the normal running of the society,…