Students can use GIS to support their queries, make analyses, and edit information. With GIS, they can create maps of underlying geographic information and utilize the maps as "windows into the database," as noted by figures (3 & 4).
Figure 3 & 4: Intelligent Maps (GIS)
3. The Model View:
GIS is "a set of information transformation tools that derive new geographic datasets from existing datasets." (GIS) Students can use these geoprocessing functions to retrieve information from existing datasets. The GIS then applies analytic functions, and writes results into new derived datasets.
Figure 5: Example of a Derived Dataset (GIS)
When students combine data and apply some analytic rules, they can create a model that helps answer questions they pose. "In the example below, GPS and GIS were used to accurately model the expected location and distribution of debris for the Space Shuttle Columbia, which broke up upon re-entry over eastern Texas on February 1, 2003." (GIS)
Figure 6: Model of Expected Location and Distribution of Debris for the Space Shuttle Columbia (GIS)
The National Council for Geographic Education (NCGE) purports that the geographically informed person knows and understands t www.ncge.org/publications/tutorial/standards/ee1/index.html" he world in spatial terms. The following standards constitute "The Eighteen National Geography Standards." (National Geography Standards)
The Eighteen National Geography Standards www.ncge.org/publications/tutorial/standards/ee1/standard1.html" STANDARD 1: How to use maps and other geographic representations, tools, and technologies to acquire, process, and report information.
A www.ncge.org/publications/tutorial/standards/ee1/standard2.html" STANDARD 2:
How to use mental maps to organize information about people, places, and environments.
A www.ncge.org/publications/tutorial/standards/ee1/standard3.html" STANDARD 3: How to analyze the spatial organization of people, places, and environments on Earth's surface.
A www.ncge.org/publications/tutorial/standards/ee2/"PLACES and REGIONS:
www.ncge.org/publications/tutorial/standards/ee2/standard4.html" STANDARD 4: The physical and human characteristics of places.
A www.ncge.org/publications/tutorial/standards/ee2/standard5.html" STANDARD 5: That people create regions to interpret Earth's complexity.
A www.ncge.org/publications/tutorial/standards/ee2/standard6.html" STANDARD 6: How culture and experience influence people's perception of places and regions.
A www.ncge.org/publications/tutorial/standards/ee3/"PHYSICAL SYSTEMS:
www.ncge.org/publications/tutorial/standards/ee3/standard7.html" STANDARD 7: The physical processes that shape the patterns of Earth's surface.
A www.ncge.org/publications/tutorial/standards/ee3/standard8.html" STANDARD 8: The characteristics and spatial distribution of ecosystems on Earth's surface.
A www.ncge.org/publications/tutorial/standards/ee4/"HUMAN SYSTEMS:
www.ncge.org/publications/tutorial/standards/ee4/standard9.html" STANDARD 9: The characteristics, distribution, and migration of human populations on Earth's surface.
A www.ncge.org/publications/tutorial/standards/ee4/standard10.html" STANDARD 10: The characteristics, distributions, and complexity of Earth's cultural mosaics.
A www.ncge.org/publications/tutorial/standards/ee4/standard11.html" STANDARD 11: The patterns and networks of economic interdependence on Earth's surface.
A www.ncge.org/publications/tutorial/standards/ee4/standard12.html" STANDARD 12: The process, patterns, and functions of human settlement....
A www.ncge.org/publications/tutorial/standards/ee4/standard13.html" STANDARD 13: How forces of cooperation and conflict among people influence the division and control of Earth's surface.
A www.ncge.org/publications/tutorial/standards/ee5/"ENVIRONMENT and SOCIETY:
www.ncge.org/publications/tutorial/standards/ee5/standard14.html" STANDARD 14: How human actions modify the physical environment.
A www.ncge.org/publications/tutorial/standards/ee5/standard15.html" STANDARD 15: How physical systems affect human systems.
A www.ncge.org/publications/tutorial/standards/ee5/standard16.html" STANDARD 16: The changes that occur in the meaning, use, distribution, and importance of resources.
A www.ncge.org/publications/tutorial/standards/ee6/"THE USES of GEOGRAPHY:
www.ncge.org/publications/tutorial/standards/ee6/standard17.html" STANDARD 17: How to apply geography to interpret the past.
A www.ncge.org/publications/tutorial/standards/ee6/standard18.html" STANDARD 18:
To apply geography to interpret the present and plan for the future. (National Geography Standards)
GIS Progress
During 1995, the UK did not give much consideration to teaching of Geographical Information Systems (GIS) in the school curriculum. "In the United States (U.S.)," however, Green reports, "things were generally a little more successful and progress was more rapid with respect to GIS in schools." Geographical Information Systems (GIS), Green notes, went from primarily being primarily "a research and analysis tool to a practical desktop application. Once only part of the higher education curriculum, they have now spread into secondary education providing a valuable tool for both presentation and geospatial analysis."
Among the GIS benefits, it reportedly:
Introduces students to a fresh way of seeing, thinking, and interacting with their environment
Helps students strengthen their computer literacy skills
Trains students in research process, using a variety of methods:
gathering, preparing, storing, and analyzing data and presenting the results of analysis
Provides a framework for...
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