Over the course of the novel, because it is told from Fowler's perspective, the reader never gains a sense of who Phuong is as a human being, only what he sees in her, and what he projects onto her image. Phuong becomes more of a metaphor for South Vietnam itself, less of a character and how Europeans saw it as exotic, vulnerable, and feminine, and how Americans saw it as ripe for the taking, in danger of being overtaken by communism, and thus in need of American democratic moral guidance and salvation. Phuong is also treated poorly by her own sister, dominated by almost every other character in the novel, which further reinforces her status as a metaphor for Vietnamese peasants who cannot articulate themselves either in the face of European and American misunderstanding and misinterpretation, or more powerful ideologues from their own people.
A refusal to acknowledge to Vietnam's real, divergent needs is a common theme runs throughout the novel. Perhaps the most obvious example of American blindness is Pyle's constant insistence upon the need for a 'Third Force' (that is, the use of insurgent, illegally funded groups) to save Vietnam, because of the fact he has read it in a textbook, the Role of the West, at Harvard. Pyle still has the point-of-view of a student, not a realist. By treating the Vietnamese badly, essentially by funding terrorist groups through covert operations that support his supposedly pro-democratic ideology, Pyle is convinced he is doing the 'correct' thing, even though it causes atrocities, as evidenced during one particularly horrific bombing sequence in a crowded marketplace. Pyle's thinking, Greene implies, mirrors all terrorists who think that by taking lives, they can save lives, and also American ignorance about the complexities of life in other nations.
At first Fowler likes Pyle and does not take him seriously. But gradually he sees that Pyle is a threat to the nation's stability and also to Fowler's relationship with Phuong: "I had to tell you - I've fallen in love...
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