234). Culturally, trainers may simply be paying more attention to girls' injuries due to our culture's tendency to protect females more than males (Tierney, et al., 2005, p. 278) and/or boys may simply under-report concussions due to "macho" tendencies to play through pain in order to continue playing (Covassin, et al., 2012, p. 926). Hormones may contribute to the greater incidence of concussions among female high school athletes because researchers have found that estrogen protects male rats from brain trauma but actually makes female rats more vulnerable to brain trauma (Makdissi, et al., 2013, p. 319). Whether caused anatomically, culturally, hormonally or for some other reason, the fact remains that girls are reportedly highly more likely to sustain concussions in sports such as soccer and basketball. Consequently, gender matters in the sports injury of concussion.
3. Conclusion
Development of a masculine identity is psychologically fundamental for males and particularly for males within society. The actual content of this identity comes from choices the individual makes across a number of areas, including but not limited to gender, culture, vocation and religion. In the Western world, male identity or "masculinity" includes such characteristics as strength, toughness, competitiveness, aggression and the ability to endure pain. Developed over time, these characteristics are useful, enduring and sometimes inconsistent. Traditionally, these characteristics are also associated with violence and sports. Young males are steeped in violent images closely tied to ideal male characteristics, such as courage and heroism, from an early age, particularly by the media. These violent images condition young males toward violent male stereotypes from a very early age. Sports are logically connected with Western "masculine" characteristics because sports connect the individual with self-identity forms and societal acceptance. The Western concepts of "masculinity," bolstered by youth sports since the late 19th Century, directly conflict with traditional "feminine" characteristics. Prior to the 1960's female participation in sports were chiefly limited to "refined" sports such as tennis, focusing on beauty and form, and male-centered notions of winning and individual achievement were openly rejected for female athletics. Title IX's passage in 1972 opened the door for female participation in more competitive sports. Nevertheless, "masculine" vs. "feminine" characteristics have persisted in Western culture. Consequently, an individual's decision to participate in amateur or professional sports often hinges on that individual's self-assessment according to traditionally "masculine" traits. As a result, gender inequality in sports is reinforced and even encouraged.
Some individuals have consciously countered the traditional Western "masculine" and "feminine" stereotypes in sports and elsewhere. These individuals borrow heavily from the work of a French philosopher/historian named Michel Foucault. Foucault challenged traditional assumptions about the body, revolutionizing the sociology of the body. Foucault argued that power is everywhere and that power and knowledge depended on each other. He also developed theories about: discipline to control and benefit the body; governmentality to conduct; carceral archipelago to compel individuals to self-control; and confessional selves to constantly produce truth. Stemming from Foucault's concepts, modern thinkers readily applied his theories to "the sporting body." Using Foucault's revolutionary ideas about power and knowledge, these thinkers are determined to overthrow traditionally male-centered notions of the body, power and knowledge, using their muscles to fight male-centered...
Ironically, as we have seen, we live in a capitalistic society. A sometimes unwilling engine of this equity has been revenue generating sports. What will be absolutely necessary will be the demand of female consumers who will vote with their wallets in favor of equity. However, they will only do so if they are properly educated. The portrayal of women as equal partners of women in society appears to
Sports in American History There are so many themes that have influenced the formation and development of sport in America. Sports have always been a common and important theme that has really shaped our nation to what it is today. In the schoolroom, many examples from sports can clarify important events in American history and also assist in exploring explore how individuals in American society have contended with racial, ethnic, and
He got nowhere. "Talking to Barnett was like talking to a wall." Neither Tharp nor Barnett recalls Dave Hnida saying anything about sexual harassment. "If I'd have heard that, I'd have jumped down somebody's throat," Barnett says. "Not one time did I ever see or hear about anybody treating her wrong. I don't believe she was sexually harassed. I don't believe our players would do that. They'd be in
proxyserver.pk/Browse.php?u=kLff2qPdyOxOtvb9YJgKSuxxnfUcHvoa6%2Fy%2FUkaN3xIsEDuqjlc%3D&b= This video released by IBN Live reveals the gender discrimination suffered by an Indian Athlete, named Santhi Soundarajan, who lost her silver medal in the female 800m race of Asian games in Doha because of her failure in a gender test. The host of the show very calmly ridiculed the athlete and bluntly joked about athlete's gender by laughing and saying that may be the management and staff members
since they are all based on hard work while using steroids is not; it is a short cut to gaining an unfair advantage. Is it Ethical to Use Animals in Sports? Another interesting ethical issue in sports is the morality of using animals in sports and whether it is right to use them in bloodsports such as cockfighting. In order to understand the issue we have to go back in time
This increased presence of women in professional sports management positions is considered significant by Watt and this author suggests these trends will very likely continue; however, there are some skeptics who argue that the increase presence of women in sports management positions has been a token efforts by the top managers and in actuality only involves a limited number of sport and physical activity areas, such as aerobics; however, there
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