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Such decisions are made by the courts based on personal values, not empirical data. In 1999, the American Psychologist published one of the first research studies on the topic of adoptive parenting. "Deconstructing the Essential Father" (Silverstein & Auerbach, 1999) concluded that successful parenting is not gender specific and children do not need fathers or mothers. Rather, any gender configuration of adults could parent equally well. The implication that fathers were not necessary was extremely controversial.
Since then, numerous studies, such as one conducted last year by Ryan of the University of Texas School of Social Work, and Averett and Nalavany of East Carolina University (2009), show that there is no difference in emotional problems experienced by the children who are adopted by heterosexual and gay or lesbian parents. In order to determine their findings, the study's authors used survey results from parents who adopted children through Florida's public child welfare system as well as data from gay and lesbian couples throughout the country. It included 155 gay and lesbian couples and 1,229 heterosexual couples who answered questions about parent and child characteristics, family composition and dynamics, the child's pre-adoptive history of parents matters, . including maltreatment, and current emotional and behavioral functioning.
Just recently (2010), New York University researchers Biblarz and Stacey undertook a thorough review of relevant research to have a better understanding of research to date on how the gender of parents influence the children's upbringing. They found that research to date, does not support the claim that children need both a mother and a father and most of the enduring parental skills are most likely not dependent on gender. Rather, research has not indicated that compared to all other possible family configurations, those that are headed by married, biological parents are best for children. Further, studies thus far have not identified any parenting abilities that are exclusive only to one gender. These authors further confirm the growing consensus by noteworthy researchers concerning regarding fathering and child development in fact, based only on studies to date, it could be argued that two women are better parents on average than a woman pairing with a man, or at least than a woman and man with...
Of this group. 50% were male, 50% were female, 38% were White, 35% were Black, and 16% were Hispanic. Adoption statistics are difficult to find because reporting is not as complete as it should be. The government spent $2.6 billion dollars to conduct the 1990 Census, but still it under-represented minorities and categorized children as "natural or by adoption" without differentiating, while special laws were implemented to "protect" and
Same Sex Marriages Should Be Legally Sanctioned Some of the most pervasive problems that exist within American society today are the problems of prejudice, stemming from fear of what is different and seems to be alien. Only by making what is alien seem to wear a more familiar, human face, can such deep-seated hatred be uprooted and destroyed. Prejudice, and the violence that is the result of such hatred, is particularly
NPSAS was the only study in 1996 that encompassed the people who enrolled in the for-profit institutions which is why not even the very basic criteria of the for-profit sector and its educational setup has been well-recognized (Breneman, Pusser and Turner 2000; Chung, 2006). The confirmation that the students who had some sort of shortcoming whether in the financial sector, minority aspect or admittance-timeline factor were the ones who mainly
Slave Narrative and Black Autobiography - Richard Wright's "Black Boy" and James Weldon Johnson's Autobiography The slave narrative maintains a unique station in modern literature. Unlike any other body of literature, it provides us with a first-hand account of institutional racially-motivated human bondage in an ostensibly democratic society. As a reflection on the author, these narratives were the first expression of humanity by a group of people in a society where
Pedagogic Model for Teaching of Technology to Special Education Students Almost thirty years ago, the American federal government passed an act mandating the availability of a free and appropriate public education for all handicapped children. In 1990, this act was updated and reformed as the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, which itself was reformed in 1997. At each step, the goal was to make education more equitable and more accessible to
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