Forensics, Law, & Psychology: False Confessions
It is a well accepted law in the forensic field, that only recently slipped through, that investigations can be helped by compelling people to confess. However this forensic law that encourages and enables forced confession spirals off methodological research in psychology that shows that such confessions can be harmful to the field since many prisoners end off confessing under duress and admitting to actions that they actually never perpetrated.
More than 80% of criminal cases are settled by a coercive confession (Zimbardo, 1967) and indeed, Dr. W. Sargant said that without confessions convictions may be reduced by about 70%. Confessions are an accepted part of the forensic scene and an "attractive way of solving crimes" (cited in Brandon & Davies, 1973). However, many confessions are elicited under duress -- an acceptable law in forensics -- and consistent empirical research shows that this may well result in miscarriages of judgment where the individual resorts to false confessions. How often false confessions actually occur, and how often they result in wrongful conviction, is unclear although there is significant research on the subject (e.g. Zimbardo, 1967) showing that the phenomena happens enough times to elicit signficant concern, particularly if the confession results in a conviction. Huff, Ratner, and Sagain (1986) estimated 6000 wrongful convictions in the U.S.A., whilst taking all the research into consideration and estimating that much remains unknown. Conti (1999) approximates that 300 false confessions occur each year in a high-volume area
Forensic law accepts three different types of confession: voluntary, coerced-compliant, and coerced-internalized (Conti, 1999). The latter two types of confession...
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