Finance
Investments and the Irrelevance Proposition
The expected rate of return on an investment is calculated by taking the expected return and dividing it by the amount invested. If there is a return of $6 on an investment of $100 the rate of return is 6%.
When a customer states they are unhappy with this return, and it is suggested that they borrow $90 to help pay for the investment, which has an interest rate of 4%, the broker is suggesting that the investor goes from an unleveraged position where there is no borrowing, to a highly leveraged position, where there is a high level of borrowing.
Looking at the effect this will have on the investment the first consideration is to look at the investment itself; if the investor borrows $90 and invests $10 of their own, there is still a total investment of $100, and the return for the investor is still $6, so the rate of return on the investment remains the same. However, borrowing the money makes a difference to the net revenue that the investor will receive, as they are only using $10 of their own money, and borrowing the rest, then have to pay interest before receiving the net income. This calculation is shown in table 1
Table 1...
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All theories of capital structure are considered supplementary. As Myers pointed out it is a 'kind of puzzle and every new theory fills a small gap'. (Does Capital Structure really matter?) Evaluating the tradeoff and pecking order theory Shyam-Sunder and Myers by analyzing the debt patterns through time they could find out that under the pecking order model, "a regression of debt financing on the firms deficit of funds should
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Introduction Distribution policy is a set of principle stipulating the guidelines for cash dividends payout to the shareholders and stock repurchases. Dividends mean the company's earnings distributed to the stockholders declared during the year, interim dividends, or at the end of a financial year referred to as the final dividend. Dividends account as a source of income for the investors but also have an information signaling effect. Therefore, a dividend distribution
Modigliani and Miller famously argued that all other factors being equal, capital structure is irrelevant. In the real world, however, things are not equal. So the different assumptions that underlie the core of MM, as the theory is known, do not exist in real life. The implication of this for businesses, then, is that they need to examine the different factors that can affect their choice of capital structure and
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