This has come about as more knowledge is being provided to mothers about health education and family planning. Health workers are starting to work harder at educating women about their health and safety, and intervening more often to protect women's health and prevent dangerous forms of contraception including self-induced abortion (Olenick, 2000). Women living in rural areas still generally have more children and give birth to more live babies than women living in urban areas, with women with little or no education having higher than average total fertility rates (Olenick, 2000).
During the modern era many women living in the Philippines report on average they desire 3.2 children, with younger women preferring even smaller families when compared with older women (Olenick, 2000). Women who had children and were surveyed often reported they wanted no more children with more than half of women with two children reporting they wanted to prevent further pregnancies (Olenick, 2000). Among the modern women surveyed most engaged in family planning used female sterilization or the pill as the most common methods of prevention, though 4% of women still relied on no method of pregnancy prevention (Olenick, 2000). Urban women were more likely to adopt modern practices than those living in rural areas, and educated women were likely to have fewer children than non-educated women. Family planning messages targeting women are more prevalent with more than 80% of educated women having exposure to ads for family planning and roughly 16% of uneducated women experiencing the same exposure (Olenick, 2000, p. 94).
Perceptions of Male-Female Responsibilities
Baretto (1974) reveals in his study more than sixty percent of survey respondents that were women generally approved of family planning practices including use of contraception. Urban living women demonstrated a higher acceptance rate of prevention methods than rural living women (Baretto, 1974).The study also noted a significant correlation between education and a woman's preferences about family planning. Objections to family planning by women included "disapproval of husband" (Baretto, 1974: 296). Other reasons included religious or personal objectives. Despite this much of the information collected for this study suggests that women largely are responsible for the health choices they make, and while gender inequities do exist and male opinions seems to weigh most heavily, most women pursued abortions or other methods of contraception despite public policy or tradition (Baretto, 1974; Lakshminarayanan, 2003).
In a later study by Laidlaw & Stockwell (1980) compiling evidence suggested not much effort from governments could be discerned that would facilitate planned parenting. Much of government law came from the male perspective, as few women hold public office in places that would influence or govern policy toward public policy and family planning. During the time of their study government perceptions of fertility levels as being too low was actually higher than perceptions of fertility levels being too high in Southeast Asia including the Philippines. In addition the average commitment to reduce or increase fertility measures or actions to support contraceptive services were almost equal, suggesting the government was not committed as women were toward limiting family size. Part of this is due to lack of perception that rapid population growth in this area is problematic (Laidlaw & Stockwell, 1980; Flavier & Chen, 1980).
Flavier & Chen in the early 1980s noted that much of the responsibility for family planning fell on the shoulders of women in the Philippines, who often sought illegal abortions as an acceptable method of birth control. A survey of women conducted over a two-year period between 1967 and 1969 suggested that 30% of women had an abortion at least once during their lifetime (p. 65). Other studies suggested up to 2,000 abortions were performed every year among Filipino women, though attitudes toward abortion in rural areas where nearly 80% of the Filipino
Women�s Rights and Funding for Family Planning at the National and State LevelsThe debate over whether women actually need any special legal protections beyond those enumerated in the U.S. Constitution as well as proper funding levels for family planning needs has been a source of concern among policymakers at the state and federal levels for decades. State-level proponents of increased federal funding cite the continuing disparities in earning between male
Family Engagement Plan Studies have shown that parental involvement has a significant impact on a child’s learning outcomes (Battle-Bailey, 2012). This text seeks to develop a school social worker’s plan for engaging and involving parents in their students’ learning at a high school in Clark County School District in Henderson, NV. Clark County School District student demographics indicate that a majority (46 percent) of the students come from Latina families, with
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