¶ … Justice Systems
What are the main factors that determine high or low incarceration rates?
The last twenty years have witnessed a significant and historic shift with regards to the use of imprisonment within the United States. In 1980, less than half a million people were imprisoned in the jails and prisons of America. Today there are almost 2 million inmates and still rising. Annually, the U.S. is spending about $35 billion every year on correctional facilities while many other government departments such as transportation, health and human services and education do not have enough funds to fulfill their functions effectively. The most alarming fact about correctional services in the U.S. is that imprisonment is used mostly on African-American and Hispanic males. It was recently estimated by the Department of Justice that about a third of all African-American males will be incarcerated at least once in their lives. It is also known that the increase in utilization of imprisonment is directly linked to America's war on drugs policy. The high incarceration rates have resulted in approximately 1.5 million children having a parent imprisoned (Austin, Bruce, Carroll, McCall, & Richards, 2000).
Factors
Crime Rates
A simple explanation for the high rates of incarceration in any given country would be that it has higher crime rates than other countries. All factors held constant, more crime results in higher rates of incarceration (Mauer, 2003).
Criminal Justice Policies
While the high rates of violent crime explain the high rates of incarceration in the U.S., the key question is to what level or extent have the changes in crime rates over the last thirty or so years contributed to the 600% rise in inmate populations. In the early years of the increase in inmate population, the changes in crime rates were responsible for only a portion of the increase (Mauer, 2003).
Social indicators and general well-being
The utilization of imprisonment is influenced by several social factors. The measures of general well-being are seemingly associated with the severity and quality of criminal justice systems. The social factors include social and economic equality and the level of social protection offered by the State. One widely used measure of social equality is income distribution. For example, in EU-member states there is a clear positive link between prisoner rates and income inequality (Lappi-Seppala).
Why does the U.S.A. have a higher incarceration rate than our other model countries?
Other countries successfully utilize creative programs to reduce crime and recidivism
Project Turnaround in New Zealand, for example, allows the victim, offender, and community members to try and come to terms with the crime committed and create an action plan that enables the offender to make amends both to the victim and the community. Statistics show that less than 10% of the offenders are taken back to court for failing to fulfill the agreed-upon plans.
Different philosophies utilized in other countries with regards prisoner treatment
In Cuba, more emphasis is put on rehabilitation and a return to the community instead of punishment. Prisoners are allowed to work and wear normal clothes and are imprisoned in their home province regardless of what crime they committed. Moreover, these prisoners are also eligible for release halfway through their sentence, a time whereby they are allowed to work in factories and on farms (their co-workers are not informed about their prisoner-status).
Many programs in other nations have reduced crime pre-emptively
Encouraging social development (of families and children) reduces crime and yields impressive returns of up to $7.16 for every $1 spent. This means that poverty reduction programs and improving the livelihoods of families in disadvantaged communities can help reduce crime rates significantly (political Research Associates, 2005).
How is the conflict in the Middle East related to terrorism around the world today? How might that information help us combat terrorism?
The current state of global terrorism originated and is driven mostly by events in the Middle East, especially the ongoing Israeli-Arab conflict. Many of the most violent terrorist acts have been committed in the name of destruction of Israel and its allies and the Palestinian self-determination. The official formation of Modern day Israel in 1948 resulted in the conflict which exists even today. Palestinians argue that the Israeli lands were promised to them by the colonial authorities of that time, Britain. Israel's Arab neighbors have attempted so many times to destroy the country with no success. Therefore, radical Palestinians believed and some still believe that terror tactics are their only choice. Eventually in 1964, several Palestinian terrorist groups joined to form the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) under the patronage of Yasser Arafat. PLO's mission was destruction of Israel and the formation of a Palestinian State. The terror increased to global levels after the 1967 Six Day War when Israel annexed Palestinian lands on...
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