Cholera Vectors
Cholera is an acute diarrheal infection caused by a bacterium called Vibrio cholerae that infects the intestines of human and causes massive dehydration. Most estimates believe that there are 3-5 million cases of cholera globally each year, with about 100,000 deaths. The infection varies between little or no symptoms to serious and life-threatening cases. In about 5% of the population, infected individuals will have massive watery diarrhea, vomiting, leg cramps, and resulting ancillary issues caused by shock and dehydration (Bjorklund, 2011).
Type of Pathogen
The bacterium that causes cholera, Vibrio cholerae, is a gram negative, non-spore forming, curved rod bacterium that is oxidase positive. From a biological perspective, it is quite mobile with a single point tail (flagellum). It is not toxic itself, but when it enters a host it produces a toxin that is poisonous to humans and causes symptoms. Not all cholera bacteria produce this toxin, however, and there are several sub-strains of the bacteria that vary in toxicity and danger to humans. Many of these subtypes are, in fact, endemic to different parts of the world, with the most toxic living in tropical areas, particularly near brackish or standing waters near ocean coasts. A number of the subtypes of the cholera bacteria do not produce the cholera toxin, but serve as a reservoir for that genome. Many of these, while not producing the full-fledged symptoms of cholera, do produce illness in humans (enteritis, etc.) and are thus serious when ingested. The cholera bacterium seems also to have evolved over time; reports of cholera outbreaks from the Ancient World describe similar symptoms, but there does not appear to have been the large amounts of subgroups, which may have evolved as humans populated certain areas more (Bjorklund, 2011).
Known Reservoirs
Cholera is typically found in water or food sources that have been somehow contaminated with feces from a human already infected with cholera. This is typically in areas with poor sanitation, inadequate water treatment and inadequate...
Human digestive system is composed of multiple parts, including the mouth (pharynx, throat, palate, tongue, teeth), stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, pancreas, salivary glands, bowels, and many more. The sole purpose of the digestive system is to break down foods that are eaten, so that the food might be absorbed into the bloodstream. The existence of a digestive system sets animals apart from plants. Digestion consists of a physical
Brain Drain of Health Professionals in Zimbabwe Brain Drain is described in the work of Lowell and Findlay (2001) as something that can occur "...if emigration of tertiary educated persons for permanent or long-stays abroad reaches significant levels and is not offset by the 'feedback' effects of remittances, technology transfer, investments or trade. Brain drain reduces economic growth through unrecompensed investments in education and depletion of a source country's human capital
Agricultural Assessment Economics of Production and Resource Management: Assessment of the Environmental Impact Associated with Human Waste Fertilizer in Agricultural Production The objective of this study is to conduct an assessment of the environmental impact associated with human waste fertilizer in agricultural production. National Geographic News reporter Tasha Eichenseher reported that 200 million farmers in developing countries are making use of raw sewage due to water shortages and rising costs of fertilizer
Clean Water Crisis Introduction Every human being on earth necessitates at least 20 to 50 liters of clean, safe water on an everyday basis for the purposes of drinking, cooking, and basically maintaining themselves to be clean. However, there is a significant need for clean water in countries. In the contemporary setting, statistics indicate that 1 in 9 individuals lack accessibility to clean and safe water (Water.org). There are 844 million people
To meet substantive due process, a public health intervention must be based on a public health necessity, an effective intervention, have a demonstrable means-end connection, be proportionate to the threat involved, and be the least restrictive means of accomplishing the goal. In addition, Daubert explains the parameters of the procedural due process. Due process in a quarantine situation does not always involve a judicial hearing, but it must contain
Air traffic has continued to increase and it now constitutes a considerable proportion of the travelling public. The amount of long-hour flights has increased significantly. Based on the International Civil Aviation authority, air traffic can be anticipated to double amid till 2020. Airline travel, especially over longer distances, makes air travelers vulnerable to numerous facets that will impact their health and well-being. Particularly, the speed with which influenza spreads and
Our semester plans gives you unlimited, unrestricted access to our entire library of resources —writing tools, guides, example essays, tutorials, class notes, and more.
Get Started Now