Substantive relations with ASEAN; 2. Full Dialogue Partner status; and 3. Accession to the ASEAN's Treaty of Amity and Co-operation. The Foreign Minister of Singapore had stated that, India obviously qualifies on all three counts and it will be included in the first EAS. We hope that Australia and New Zealand which have not acceded to the TAC, will agree to the TAC in the coming months (Battese & Coelli, 1992-page 18). If so, we would welcome them to the EAS in Kuala Lumpur. The Minister further added that ASEAN alone will decide the future members of all subsequent summits and ?this is to ensure that ASEAN remains in the driver's seat of the EAS process?. This development can have far-reaching ramifications. At the ASEAN Ministers' Meeting (AMM) in Laos on 26 July 2005 it was announced that India, Australia and New Zealand will be invited to the summit in December (International Monetary Fund, Direction of Trade and Statistics Yearbook, 2005). By signaling affirmatively to India's inclusion in the upcoming EAS summit, ASEAN have clearly shown a vision towards future economic integration between ASEAN and India.
Australian Trade and Foreign Policy
Fig. 1.3 The PESTEL Framework
When most Australians considered foreign policy during these years they conceived of international relations in traditional terms as the political and military contest of states. They thought of the American alliance, nuclear issues, wars, defense, regional security, political relations, the republic, and Australia's response to human rights abuses in foreign countries (Battese & Coelli, 1995-page 6). The foreign policy issues that drew demonstrators onto the streets of Australian cities were all of this kind; the nuclear threat of the mid-1980s, Australian involvement in the Gulf War of 1991, Indonesian repression in East Timor and the French nuclear tests of 1995. These high politics issues are only half the story of foreign policy 1983 -- 96 (Camdessus, 2001-page 18).
The other half; some would say the core; was the economy, and Australia's economic relations with the rest of the world. In 1983 Labor inherited an economy which, for long-term structural reasons, was losing international competitiveness. Whereas Europe, Japan and, to a lesser extent, the U.S.A. used efficient manufacturing to subsidize uncompetitive agricultural producers, Australia did the opposite (Bennett, et al. 2006). In Australia an efficient agricultural and mining sector subsidized an uncompetitive manufacturing sector through high tariffs. Australia had a First World standard of living based on a Third World pattern of exports, a solution that by many accounts left the nation dangerously exposed to fluctuations in world prices for its commodity exports.
As the long boom faded and the queues of unemployed lengthened, many economists embraced a new view about what Australia should do. Reports on industry and finance commissioned by Australian governments of the 1970s stressed the need for Australia to lower tariffs, deregulate the financial sector and restructure the national economy. The economists who wrote these reports did not share assumptions long held on both sides of politics in Australia: that the economy needed to be protected and regulated, for example, and that governments should use taxes and interest rates to moderate periodic booms and slumps, maintain full employment and preserve social harmony (Battese & Coelli, 1995-page 23). They looked to a future where market forces would be liberated to do their magic work of stimulating efficiency and distributing goods, services and labor according to supply and demand. Government, they believed, had too large a place in the economy and needed to be restrained in favor of the market. If Australia were to remain prosperous, they said, it should begin exporting manufactures and services and reduce reliance on commodity exports. The government had no option but to unravel the web of protectionism and regulation that had been spun around the economy, for only in this way would international pressures for efficiency be felt and manufacturing industry become competitive (Cashin & Patillo, 2000-page 304).
When Bob Hawke was elected prime minister these neo-liberal or 'economic rationalist' ideas were not part of the Labor tradition. But the incoming Labor government confronted unemployment at its highest level since the Depression and was keen to try something different. The new Treasurer Paul Keating still knew little about economics and Treasury officials found he could be persuaded to their viewpoint and then defend it convincingly to the public (CUTS. 2001-page 9). On the basis of Treasury advice Keating soon made fundamental changes in Australia's foreign economic policy. The Australian dollar was floated in December 1983, in effect exposing the economy as never before to foreign competition and in the long run placing downward pressure on wages. The capital market...
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