Explicit and Implicit Memory
Explicit Memory:
Explicit memory consists of autobiographical (or episodic) memories, such as the details of one's life history and specific recollections of past events in one's life (Gerrig & Zimbardo, 2007). Explicit memory also includes semantic memory, such as the names and faces of other individuals, and the substantive facts that constitute factual knowledge (Gerrig & Zimbardo, 2007).
Implicit Memory:
Implicit memory refers to the process by which subjects form specific procedural memories such as riding a bicycle or brushing one's teeth that differ fundamentally from explicit memory (Gerrig & Zimbardo, 2007). In addition to procedural memories, implicit memory also includes the phenomenon of psychological priming, such as that responsible for linguistic party tricks. Another characteristic difference between implicit and explicit memories is that the former generally survive in amnesia victims whereas all explicit memories may not.
Examples of Implicit Memory:
One example of implicit memory is where a person is given a series of rhymes or questions that emphasize words like top, mop, and cop is tricked into responding "stop" when asked immediately afterwards what one does at a green traffic light (Gerrig & Zimbardo, 2007). The psychological priming aspect of implicit memory is also responsible for the phenomenon whereby individuals are more likely to believe facts that they have heard repeatedly than equally plausible (or implausible) facts heard for the first time (Gerrig & Zimbardo, 2007). In fact, this type of priming is so effective that it often persists despite evidence that the statement is actually false. A typical example would include the persistence of the very commonly expressed belief that human beings "use only a small percentage of their minds" (such as 10%) even after being informed that neurologists know this is not true, simply because that bit of false trivia is heard so often.
References
Gerrig, R., Zimbardo, R. (2007). Psychology and Life. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
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