¶ … Evolution of the Concept of Intelligence
The concept of IQ is relatively recent, despite the widespread cultural tendency to regard intelligence as a discrete and measurable category that has existed since time began. Intelligence tests were initially constructed with a relatively straightforward purpose -- to discern which children could flourish in the rigid French school system. After the French government passed a law requiring all French children attend school, it commissioned Alfred Binet and his colleague Theodore Simon to identify which children exhibited cognitive deficits. Binet focused upon skills that were not necessarily 'taught' to children, such as "attention, memory and problem-solving skills," to ensure that children from more privileged backgrounds did not have an advantage on the test (Cherry 2010). Binet also created a distinction between children able to answer more advanced questions only older children were capable of solving and average children. "Based on this observation, Binet suggested the concept of a mental age, or a measure of intelligence based on the average abilities of children of a certain age group" (Cherry 2010).
The Stanford University psychologist Lewis Terman adapted and standardized the Binet test. The Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale was the first test to create a scaled numerical representation of intelligence. 100 was considered to be 'average,' meaning that the child's mental age and chronological age were the same. As intelligence testing became more 'en vogue,' even the U.S. Army administered it to new recruits, to determine which men were most fit for leadership training. The increased diversity of the U.S....
In conclusion, perhaps we should heed the words of Charles Darwin himself who before his historic voyage aboard the H.M.S. Beagle between 1831 and 1836 was a devout Christian and creationist -- "There is a grandeur in this view of life. Whilst this planet has gone cycling on according to the fixed law of gravity, from so simple a beginning endless forms most beautiful and most wonderful have been and
Evolution of Cognitive Psychology A discipline in the field of psychology, cognitive psychology examines the way people process information. This field achieves this goal by examining how humans treat information that they receive through stimuli and how their treatment of information contributes to certain responses. Therefore, the professionals in this field generally study people's internal processes like perception, language, attention, thinking, and memory. Cognitive psychology is based on the concept that
This problem was solved in the following way: the program uuencode which is used by email-clients transforms its binary code (code of bits and bytes) into text code using ASCII table principle and it's send in the form of text character set in the following form (begin file name reports text translated binary body end). The recipient's email-client executes uudecode program and transforms it to binary primary code. Telnet Telnet is
Such issues are indispensable in cognitive psychology. The Emergence of Cognitive Psychology as a Discipline A Proper understanding of the appearance of cognitive psychology as the mandated approach in psychology comes when a person critically studies the history of psychology. Contemporary psychology is apparently young. As in most sciences, it has not firmly developed into one path but divided into many subdivisions. The field has evidenced remarkable shifts in what are
Intelligence Testing It is often essential to measure the human intelligence so as to provide special attention to the deficient ones. Being an abstract concept it is absurd to think of expressing its magnitude in numbers. However, expressing in terms of imaginary units psychologists could visualize to accord ranks and quantify the intelligence. The intention of measuring intelligence originated ever since the era of Chinese emperors during 2200 BC when it
Nonetheless, this does not make philosophy any less important in the field. Philosophy today can be seen as a manifestation of the workings of the human mind, while psychology studies the mind itself. Philosophy is therefore a very important aspect in helping the psychologist understand the human mind. Philosophy is indeed responsible for the birth of psychology as a discipline in itself, as mentioned. While the early philosophers, Socrates, Plato and
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