Several European economists considered that the public policy and public money could be combined to shape a greater rational and a more reasonable economic system. (Springer, 1994, p. 72)
The significance of the European public policy for the EU member states has gone up in the last fifteen years. Especially, the association between the national and sub-national government has undergone change a great deal. The coming of the "Europe of the Regions" is no more a buzzword, but rather a vital reality in the EU. Of course, the European Commission found in the regional governments a crucial supporter in fostering the Single European Market -- SEM and in doing so; it lessened the resistance of a lot of national governments to implement the SEM and Economic and Monetary union -- EMU. And this partnership has been the strong point of European regional policy. The keystone in the process of regionalization across the EU is a rising conviction that thriving economic development in an area is functionally linked to its institutions, as regards the network of associations purportedly in support of business innovation. The primary institutions of governance regardless of the European Commission itself, member-states, or the regions inside them act as if business development is in general associated functionally to the mesh of regional institutions. The reason for this is connected with the social scientific research. In case of any event, the impact of the EU on every aspect of regional policy has been distinctly visible for some years and particularly more recently in the European Spatial Development Perspective -- ESDP on which there was a general consensus by the Council of Ministers. (Magone, 2003, p. 114)
At this juncture, it is important to analyze whether trade as also monetary forms of integration in Europe involves the threat of gaping inequalities within the areas. In order to understand by investments committed with regard to policies pertaining to regional in Europe which now represents a third of the budget of the community and constitute the second biggest issue following the common forms of agricultural policy, the answers provided by the governments as well as the EC is a resounding 'yes'. The fast proliferation with regard to the spending concerning regional policy has been underway from the time of the accession of Portugal as well as Spain. This, after including Greece resulted a broadening of income disparities among the affluent and the poor nations of what was known as the EC. The negotiation as regards the inclusion of the two Iberian nations led to a rise in the resources meant for the regional policies from the level of ECU 3.7 billion in the year 1985 to that of ECU 18.3 billion in the year 1992. The actual investments committed with regard to regional policies in case of these nations were considered to be really greater since the EU needs that its transfer need to correspond national forms of spending. The national policies pertaining to the region have also been vital in some countries like Italy, France and Germany. The widening of the EU to the Central & eastern European nations, in which the per capita GDP levels are considered to be really lower compared to the four cohesion nations would spell important revamping of European regional policies. (Martin, 1999, pp: 1-2)
The Regional policy of the EU is founded on the financial solidarity between the member states whose contributions to the Union budget is given to the less affluent regions and social groups. For the period between 2000-2006, these transfers will contribute to a third of the EU budget which translated to absolute terms comes to 213 billion Euros. 195 billion Euros will be expended by the four Structural Funds and 18 billion Euros by the Cohesion fund. The important contribution of the Structural Funds is that they finance multi-annual programs that constitute strategies programmed in a partnership with the regions, the Member States and the EC. The primary objective of the program is to (i) develop infrastructure, like transport and energy (ii) extension of telecom services (iii) provision of assistance to firms and provision of training to workers (iv) Disseminate the tools and knowledge of the information society. (EU Regional Policy after enlargement, 2003)
The primary instrument of EU Regional Policy, the Structural Funds is expressed around three objectives. Among this the first one lies in extending the progress as well as structural adjustment with regard to the areas wherein growth has not been considered to be of satisfactory level. The second objective is supporting the economic and social conversion of areas encountering structural problems. The third objective lies in assisting the adaptation and modernization of policies and systems of education, training and employment. The NUTS 2 regions that is eligible for objective 1 are among those with a GDP per capita lower than 75% of the EU average. The Cohesion Fund is needed make provision of additional 18,000 euros over the period...
This development approach, by the European Union, is similar to the Bretton Woods institutions' 'Washington consensus', which was developed in the latter half of the 1980s, following "several severe balance of payments crises of developing countries" (Nienhaus, 2002, p. 55). The European Union does not favor indiscriminate opening of markets, but rather it looks for more liberal trade arrangements with developing countries and the European Union solely. This policy
European Union - Business in Europe European Union * Competitive advantages of a European area in a chosen Industry and Porter's Five Forces * Personal impressions and reflections on what was learned? The European Union is made up of several countries, and all these countries have one single aim, which is to promote and develop business relationships within Europe and also with the rest of the world, in today's world of globalization. When one wishes
"Lingering concern persists about the incorporation of 10 mostly East European countries last year, which some feared would dilute EU prosperity" (Rice-Oxley 2005). When Turkey desired to join the EU, member nations questioned its ability to be integrated into the common culture of the other member nations (Rice-Oxley 2005). Turkey's human rights record made it controversial as did its: "striking difference from the European norm in terms of economics,
Eight more countries join the EU in May, 2004 (Czech Republic; Estonia; Latvia; Lithuania; Hungary; Poland, Slovenia and Slovakia); soon after, Malta and Cyprus are welcomed into the EU. In 2007, Bulgaria and Romania were welcomed as members of the EU. In October, 2004, the now twenty-five EU countries sign a "Treaty Establishing a European Constitution" which is "designed to streamline democratic decision-making and management" of the EU (http://europa.eu). The
Increased regulations could take even this advantage away from the industry. Eventually, even the EU airline industry, despite its relative health in comparison to the United States, may chafe at the additional economic burdens it is being forced to suffer at the hands of the regulatory commission. Recently, French President Jacque Chirac proposed to tax air travel for all member states as a way to finance development aid. Although this
European Union's Holistic Security Policy in One of Its Neighboring Regions The objective of this study is to critique the European Union's 'holistic security policy' in its neighboring region or that of Eastern Europe, Ukraine, Russian and Belarus and to analyze this region from different perspectives including economic, political, and traditional military power. The European Security Strategy is based upon "a comprehensive or holistic approach to security" and states that
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