Europe and Africa
Understanding the Emergence of 'Ethnicity' and the Nation-State
The historical emergence of ethnicities and nation-states in Europe and in Africa is continually questioned and re-interpreted by historians, sociologists, anthropologists, and mass media. Depending on the perspective of the author and the intention of the narrative, ethnicity can be seen as a colonial construct or as an inherent cultural identity through which more similarities with other ethnicities may be noted than differences. However, because of political persuasion and imperialistic practices, especially in the modern era, ethnic emergence has been viewed as something disparate from nationhood. Bruce J. Berman, for example, quotes Samora Machel, "leader of one of the most radically modernist African regimes," as asserting, "For the nation to live, the tribe must die'" (Berman 306). This paper will analyze the play between ethnicity and nationhood, and ultimately show how we can compare the historical emergence of ethnicities and nation-states in Europe with those in Africa.
Carola Lentz observes that ethnicity is a problem that "cannot simply be explained away, neither with modernization theories about stubborn but dying relics of pre-modern mentalities nor neo-Marxist concepts of 'false consciousness'" (Lentz 303). To support her assertion, Lentz cites the "ethno-nationalist movements in post-Communist Eastern Europe" (303) and other exercises in ethnic cleansing that continue to this day. What Lentz implies is that ethnicity and tribalism are not characteristics specific to Africa but are, rather, illustrative of European culture as well. Indeed, the emergence of ethnicity in Europe and in Africa may be directly related to the emergence of nation-states (through power plays) precisely because of the use of the term ethnicity. As Lentz states, "Classifying the most diverse historical forms of social identity as 'ethnic' creates the scientifically questionable but politically useful impression that all ethnicities are basically the same and that ethnic identity is a natural trait of persons and social groups" (Lentz 305). In other words, usage of the term ethnicity has very observable political and social ramifications, but scientifically speaking it is too often used interchangeably with the term tribe.
The importance of understanding the impact of the term ethnicity helps illuminate the issue of ethnic...
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