At the same time, the future is waiting for them in a broad space faraway." (Bai, 2007)
V. DIFFERENCES in EDUCATION
The work of Price and Briley (1999) entitled: "Culture, Education and Cognition: A Review and Discussion of Chinese vs. American Cognitive Styles" relates a study in which proposed is that..."that differences in the education practices prevalent in China and America are an important source of cognitive differentiation, and suggest that future research could benefit from greater exploration of 'experienced educational style'." Price and Briley relate that based upon the literature in the area of developmental psychology Price and Briley's study presents: "...an integrated model of cognitive development that appreciates both the influence of the individual's maturation process and the influence of society, as manifested particularly within the educational system. An important implication of the model is that school systems provide a natural arena for studying cross-cultural differences in cognition." (1999)
VI. DIFFERENCES in ROLES of WOMEN
The work of Jensia (2008) entitled: "The Role of Women in Chinese Culture" relates that in order to understand the culture that affects Chinese women and their roles it is "helpful to consider the overall development of Chinese culture and history. Although numerous scholars have attempted to explore Chinese culture and development, it is evident that the mystery surrounding this culture remains a pervasive part of modern understanding of China." The work of Wei (1947) relates "Through many centuries and up until recent times, the Chinese have developed their own civilization in almost complete isolation from the rest of the world except for the most casual contacts, and that only when their civilization had practically taken its definite shape." Around 200 B.C. China was acknowledged as a "...unified country with one culture. Michael (1986) notes of China: "Having established their social order, the Chinese came to regard their system as the most civilized form of human communal existence. In the interplay between theirs and neighboring cultures, Chinese order came to influence and dominate the adjacent countries of Central, East, and Southeast Asia..." (Jensia, 2008)
The work of Knapp (1992) notes the view of women as problematic in relation to the larger view of society and religion as stated is "Because women represented a threat to the stability of the monastic communities and the discipline practiced therein, chastity was emphasized" and Knapp further emphasizes that with the spread of Confucianism the attitude toward women grew even more restrictive in nature and women were viewed as mere "sexual commodities" for men. (Jensia, 2008) the system of patriarchy which developed during China's Imperial age made it all but impossible for women to gain any actual control over their lives or over their bodies. It is written in an ancient Chinese text as follows:
If a husband does not control his wife, then the rules of conduct manifesting his authority are abandoned and broken. If a wife does not serve her husband, then the proper relationship (between men and women) and the natural order of things are neglected and destroyed. As a matter of fact the purpose of these two (the controlling of women by men, and the serving of men by women) is the same." (Jensia, 2008)
This ensured that the patriarchal system would be perpetuated through the control of women and it was viewed that this was the sole method of preserving the Chinese society. Traditionally, women in China did not receive even the most basic of educations however Knapp reports that "Some liberal scholarly families encouraged their daughters to develop their intellects, but most women lived in the seclusion of domestic duties, incarcerated behind walls and curtains." (1992) the view of girls was that they were a burden to the family resulting in the practice of infanticide. Men were traditionally allowed to travel about in China while women were kept in the home and lived a "barriered existence, both physically and symbolically." (Knapp, 1992)
The history of modern China reveals that the culture had historically developed in a manner and within a context that "was quite restrictive to women." (Jensia, 2008) the work of Wolf (1985) examined the development of women in modern China and relates that while there are "...a host of traditional rules and customs that still mitigate the role and action of women in China, women have taken a more proactive role in carving out a clear "space" for themselves." As well, the 'Three Obedience' governing women's behavior is still very much in effect and includes the following three:
1) as an unmarried girl a woman must obey her father and her brothers;
2) as a married woman she must obey her husband; and 3) as a widow she must...
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