¶ … cultural psychology and cross-cultural psychology are closely linked and interrelated, yet offer distinct methodologies permitting the most nuanced understanding of the diversity of human experiences. Cultural psychology generally uses the tools of ethnography and other anthropological methods when gathering data, and may also use case studies and other qualitative research as well. On the other hand, cross-cultural psychology applies quantitative measures that have been standardized, enabling a rigorous data set. When these two methods are combined, it is possible to better understand the experiences of individuals living in complex societies, particularly immigrant societies, multiracial communities, and communities that exhibit wide diversity in other demographic areas such as income or educational attainment. An ongoing research project in New Zealand called the Pacific Islands Family Study has provided a huge data set that researchers in multiple fields can access. Cross-cultural psychologists can use the Pacific Islands Family Study to test hypotheses like those in the study by Borrows, et al. (2011), which investigates the relationship between material acculturation and infant health risk indicators among Pacific immigrants in New Zealand. The study focuses on acculturation and enculturation as being psychologically protective, as the authors find that strong identification and close ties with Pacific Island culture is associated with more positive outcomes for both mothers and their infant children than strong assimilators or people who choose a more marginalized life. The Borrows et al. (2011) research also incorporates Berry's classical acculturation model, which shows that acculturation is "bi-directional," and not simply a matter of a dominant culture being "imposed upon" and thereby erasing a minority culture (p. 4). Moreover, the Berry theory of acculturation shows why absolute assimilation through identification with...
Identity formation and socialization are possible areas that an individual may struggle with if ties to their community of origin are weak. On the other hand, when individuals retain strong ties to their community of origin via language and other core elements of culture, outcomes will be stronger. The "melting pot" ideal may not be psychologically beneficial to all parties, as a strong alignment to one's culture(s) of origin mitigates some of the stress that may accompany the experience of migration and assimilation (Borrows, et al., 2011, p. 4). Migration in all cases is a "significant life event" that inevitably impacts "subsequent health behavior and outcomes," (Borrows, et al., 2011, p. 4). The Borrows et al. (2011) research focuses on the Pacific Islands immigrant communities in New Zealand to show how specific health behavior and outcomes, ie. infant health, are linked to acculturation patterns.
On the surface, Shahin's problem is her weight. Her physical health will suffer if she does not attend to her nutritional needs. Yet as with most anorexic clients, Shahin is not as concerned about her physical symptoms as her loved ones are. Her self-deprivation is a sign of internal struggles. When interviewing Shahin, we talked about her perspective as well as her family's. As Kleinman & Benson (2006) suggest,
They treasure what they have been lost since becoming destitute and homeless. On the opposite, American removes coming forward mostly. They yearn native land is actually for the memories about childhood which has gone forever. At the same time, the future is waiting for them in a broad space faraway." (Bai, 2007) V. DIFFERENCES in EDUCATION The work of Price and Briley (1999) entitled: "Culture, Education and Cognition: A Review and
Significance of the Study to Leadership a leader's ability to adapt to change within global markets determines the multinational company's success (Handley & Levis, 2001). Affective adaption to cultural changes, albeit depends upon available information; essential to the leadership decision-making (Kontoghiorghes & Hansen, 2004). If leaders of multinational companies better understand the challenges and impact of culture and diversity in global markets, they may use the information to improve planning
workplace is anchored in the realm of the financial, we are inclined to use economic models to study it. However, while certainly economics and business in many ways make good partners, if we are interested in understanding how it is that businesses work on a day-to-day basis we must be at least as interested in understanding the social and psychological elements the obtain in the workplace as we are
" (Pettersson, 2006) Oral and written verbal art languages are both used for the purpose of information communication as well as information presentation with the reader and listener receiving an invitation to consider the information. The Narrative & the Symbolic The work of Abiola Irele (2001) entitled: "The African Imagination: Literature in Africa & the Black Diaspora" states that Hampate Ba "...incorporates the essential feature of the oral narrative at significant points
A behavior resulting from injury or disease behavior resulting from experience behavior resulting from disease or drugs biologically determined behavior Evidence that learning has occurred is seen in published research studies changes in thinking changes in behavior emotional stability Change in performance is preceded by bad reviews scientific research the behavior of others change in disposition If-then statements may also be referred to as principles generalization hypothesis laws Statements which summarize relationships are restricted
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