Essentially concerned with property rights and citizenship, the early American conception was fairly simple in that almost anyone who was not an Indian or a Negro was considered white. Since "white" America was fairly homogenous at the time, meaning mostly Anglo-Saxon, and still had a wide-open frontier, the main threats to white dominance came from the natives and the slave population.
By the time my great-grandparents were arriving around the turn of the century, decades of immigration by Europeans who were not from Great Britain and were usually not Protestant, made the Anglo-Saxon elite began to view the new immigrants as a larger threat to the republic. Therefore, the notion of who was white began to shrink and there was a fragmenting of races into nations. Italians, Celts, Finns, Jews, and Slavs were now all considered distinct races, unfit for assimilation and republican self-governance, as opposed to being part of a monolithic white race. In Jacobson's book, he quotes a journalist being asked if an Italian is a white man: "No sir, he is a Dago." (Jacobson, 56) This was the kind of treatment that my ancestors were subjected to, and it shows that they were viewed by native-born, Anglo-Saxon Americans as non-white and a different, and lower, race.
It is hard to say whether the treatment they received caused them to retreat into their own communities, or whether the fact that they chose not to assimilate, especially my mother's maternal grandparents, made them an easy target. By choosing to speak Italian and live their life in an insular community, it is somewhat understandable why other Americans could argue they were a totally different kind of people. Jacobson also talks about how Italians were seen as having an "innate criminality" and not "acting white" because they accepted "economic niches" that were seen as below Anglo-Saxon norms. (Jacobson, 56-57) This idea of "acting white" is very interesting because it assumes that peoples' ethnic and racial...
In this sense, "During the 1950s and 1960s, especially after the falling-out between China and the former Soviet Union, the Chinese government actively relocated Han Chinese to frontier provinces such as Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia, and Heilongjiang, in order to consolidate the border in light of possible military threat from the Soviets" . Therefore, the decision to intervene in the ethnic composition of the region was not only a choice related
Houses permitted the people to move from a nomadic existence to a settled and more organized way of life. The majority of the houses were square with other rooms built on. The palaces of the early Sumerian culture were the political, economic and religious focal points of the city; large-scale, lavishly decorated, and consisted of rooms used to house craftsmen and such. Archaeological finds have also revealed them to
Timmons (1994) in his study presents a three-dimensional model of practical application of a good idea: Comprehensive evaluation of the opportunity; Comprehensive evaluation of one's own expertise and inclination; and Comprehensive evaluation of the resources gathering process to maintain the launch of business venture. Long and McMullan (1984) propose that application of a good idea depends on two processes; namely, elaboration and evaluation. Singh (1998) found that those entrepreneurs who spend more
Ethnic Notions Marlon Riggs is keenly aware of the impact of stereotypes on real social norms related to race. In Ethnic Notions, Riggs enacts some of the prevalent stereotypes against African-Americans. The actors and comedians enacting these stereotypes often hid behind the veil of "comedy" or "humor" as an excuse for what is actually a racist reflection of prevailing social norms. Riggs uses the documentary format to showcase two main issues.
Thus, some suggest that the competition between the workers was crucial. More precisely "competition between high-wage white workers and low-wage Asian workers explains racial exclusion (...) labor competition was the central feature of ethnic division in the working class, and exclusion was the only viable strategy under these circumstances." (Creese, 1988, 294) Despite this possible explanation there were other factors as well that determined the white workers to exclude Asians.
South Africa Throughout its history, South Africa has had a tumultuous relationship with ethnic and racial identity and discrimination, and is still grappling with the reverberating effects of colonialism and apartheid. Furthermore, while colonialism and the apartheid era are the most obvious sources of ethnic and racial strife in South Africa, the effects of these historical forces on the country are far more complex than a cursory examination would lead one
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