Ethics of Prisoner Experiments
Prisoner Experiments
Prior to the medical trial at Nuremberg physicians and scientists were largely free to conduct experiments on unsuspecting persons (Freyhofer, 2004, p. 9-10), including inmates inside America's prisons. When it was discovered that German physicians had been conducting inhumane experiments on death camp and concentration camp prisoners during WWII, the world was shocked that doctors were capable of such behavior. The American Military Tribunal in Nuremberg heard arguments from both the defense and prosecution for twenty three doctors and administrators accused of war crimes and crimes against humanity. The defense argued that the doctors' conduct was not a significant departure from past practices and any inhumanity was more a function of the ongoing hostilities. The judges on the tribunal saw it differently and created ethical guidelines for medical researchers, because the evidence presented in court revealed the Hippocratic Oath could not protect patients and prisoners from harm. These ethical principles became known as the Nuremberg Code.
Just one of the many inhumane experiments conducted by the Nazi doctors involved close to 200 prisoners being held at the Dachau death camp (Freyhofer, 2004, p. 27). In order to better understand the risks faced by pilots bailing out at high altitude, prisoners were placed into hypobaric chambers at low atmospheric pressure and then the pressure increased rapidly. Between seventy and eighty prisoners died during these experiments because of brain embolisms. The cause of death was determined by submerging prisoners in water and watching for air bubbles while dissecting the bodies; however, the cardiograms often indicated that the hearts were still beating during the dissection.
The Nuremberg Code was a response to such experiments. The first principle in the Code requires all subject participating in a study to do so voluntarily (HHS, 2005). To meet this guideline the subject cannot be coerced to participate in any way and must understand what will occur to them during the experiment (informed consent)....
Stanford Prison Experiment Ethical issues are always first and foremost a subject of ambiguous grounds when it comes to experiments that are hinged on human behavior. Whether this is because of the short- and long-term consequences of psychological and physical harm, ethical questions are raised with regards to how much scientific benefit can be accrued from conducting such an experiment. This question remains heavily controversial especially in the Stanford Prison Experiment,
Stafford Prison Experiment is a study and film based on the study detailing the psychological effects people undergo when becoming a prison guard or prisoner. Stanford University held the conduction of the experiment from August 14-20 in 1971. Psychology professor Philip Zimbardo led a team of researchers for the study and funding came from the U.S. Office of Naval Research. The Marin Corps and the U.S. Navy had interest
Human Experimentation The Stanford Prison Experiment The concept of a human's dual nature and the presence of a darker side of morality has always been a fascinating study throughout history. While Robert Louis Stevenson attributes this Jekyll-Hyde phenomenon to a more repressed desire within the minds of the people, Philip G. Zimbardo takes it to a further step. Both talk about the evils within a person that comes out via prompting (for
Ethics is a term that is commonly used to refer to appropriate rules of conduct or moral guidelines that govern people’s behaviors and actions. Additionally, ethics is a terms that refers to standards or norms for differentiating between right and wrong (Center for Innovation in Research and Teaching, n.d.). As a result, ethics has become an important component in research because researchers have a moral responsibility to safeguard their research
Ileana Final Portfolio Bioethics Final This portfolio documents performance of key class and personal objectives for HU280-01: Bioethics 1103C, specifically analytical skill building, knowledge acquisition and practical application. The samples demonstrate achievement by presenting excerpts from submitted assignments, Discussion and Seminar interactions, interactions with the instructor and reflections on progress mastering central concepts, ideas and perspectives in bioethics. This work demonstrates a progression from identification, synthesis and recapitulation of selected relevant ethical
Business (general) Please list sections according to instructions Exercise 1.1: Review of Research Study and Consideration of Ethical Guidelines Option 1: Stanford Prison Experiment Go to: http://www.prisonexp.org, the official site for the Stanford Prison Experiment. What do you think the research questions were in this study? List 2 or 3 possible research questions (in question format) that may have been the focus of this experiment. What happens when you put good people in an evil place?
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