Peculiar Ethics of Public Leadership: Pragmatism as a Framework for Action in Public Service
The objective of this study is to examine pragmatism as a framework for action in public services. Towards this end, this work will conduct an extensive review of literature in this area of study.
According to the work of Keith F. Snider entitled "Rethinking Public Administration's Roots in Pragmatism: The Case of Charles A. Beard" reports that pragmatism because very prominent "around the turn of the 20th century…through the ideas of well-known writers such as William James and John Dewey." (2008) Comaeger (1950) stated that pragmatism is "almost the official philosophy of America." (Stever, 2008) The work of Shields (nd) explains that classical pragmatism "is attractive because it has both depth and complexity." Shields states that these characteristics "have made it difficult to summarize and easy to misinterpret." (nd) Classical pragmatism has been held by scholars in psychiatry to be a method that can be used in the reconciliation of conflict in the field of psychiatry. Classical pragmatism can be best understood as explained by David H. Brendel (2006) who uses "four Ps" which is a framework for classical pragmatism. The four Ps are stated by Brendel as follows: (1) practical; (2) pluralistic; (3) participatory; and (4) provisional. (Shields, nd) Shields reports that the practical, experiential orientation of classical pragmatism is such that "incorporates the doing and making of practitioners, unlike other philosophical approaches." (Shields, nd) Those who founded classical pragmatism are reported to have been "men and women of action who united practice and theory." (Shields, nd) Pragmatism's experimentalism is stated by Shields to be "part of a larger theory and process of inquiry." (nd) It is the belief of classical pragmatists that "purposeful human inquiry is both provisional and grounded in a problematic situation. The applicability of the 'problematic situation' to public administration should be immediately apparent." (Shields, nd)...
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