¶ … ethical concerns when it comes to conducting human research. This paper presents those concerns and reviews the regulatory protocols that the United States employs in order to meet high ethical and legal standards.
How research involving human subjects works in the U.S.
In the Journal of Clinical Pathology author M.B. Kapp explains that the issue of ethics vis-a-vis human subjects in research isn't just a concern of clinicians and scientists; rather, these issues also have importance to lawyers, philosophers, and policy makers. And there definite legal provisions that are applied regarding "…participant safety, informed consent, and confidentiality" (Kapp, 2006). Of great interest when it comes to pathologists is how human tissue specimens are handled -- whether the tissues are to be used in the present or at some point in the future.
Kapp references what the writer calls "the most salient ethical values" that come into play when research involving human participants is being conducted. Those values are: a) "beneficence" (doing good); b) "non-malfeasance" (the absence of harmful actions); c) "fidelity and trust within the fiduciary investigator/participant relationship"; d) "personal dignity"; e) "autonomy pertaining to both informed, voluntary, competent decision making"; and f) the privacy of any and all personal information...
Ethical treatment of prisoners is a complex question, involving the nature of the prison system in the U.S. And the nature of those incarcerated in it, as well as ethical obligations that individuals owe to society as well as those that society owes to those who are imprisoned. Deontological ethics might hold, for example, that those who have violated the law and the basic moral norms of society deserve to
Human Experimentation Experimentation with human subjects raises a number of important moral implications. Modern protections for human subjects have their history in the Nuremberg Code, written for the Nuremberg Military Tribunal as a standard for judging the human experiments performed by the Nazis in WWII. The Declaration of Helsinki in 1964 further defined codes for human research, and the United States first implemented regulations for protecting human subjects as late as
Scientists should not perform testing of drugs, chemicals and cosmetics on animals. No matter how many animals they use, they cannot prove the new substances are perfectly safe and effective. If the substances pass animal testing and don't show any ill effects on animals, it doesn't mean the substances are a hundred percent safe for humans. Terrifyingly, the substances can cause serious side effects in humans. Because the physical structures
Depending on the specific context, ethical analysis of ICT applications in medicine therefore will increasingly have to combine insights and approaches from several different disciplines." (p.5) The truth is that while some issues have been addressed in regards to ethical considerations in the health care practice that in reality the issues are still presently being identified for the largest part and as reported in this work legislation has addressed some
Even more generally, there are other examples of equally basic contradictions that qualify under the adherence-to- governing-law standard. Despite the official Supreme Court interpretation of the Establishment Clause in the First Constitutional Amendment, U.S. currency still features the words "In God We Trust." Similarly, several states still enforce Sunday blue laws such as prohibiting the sale of alcohol on the Christian "Sabbath." Many legal experts suggest that both violate
Ethical Communication The Definition of Ethics In practically all areas of society ethical subjects are rapidly increasing. Professionals in the health field struggle with ethical questions in relation to abortion, transplants, birth control, informed consent, life-support systems, malpractice suits, patient privacy, human genetics, and high costs of insurance, as well as care on the whole. Ethical matters in relation to nuclear power accidents, oil spills, disposal of industrial waste, defense weaponry, lead
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