Ethics
There are several different ethical perspectives that one can take to evaluate the goodness of actions. Among the leading philosophies are virtue ethics, consequentialism, utilitarianism (a specific type of consequentialism) and Kantian ethics, specifically universal law. This paper will examine three scenarios in the workplace against these different ethical philosophies. The first scenario is an employee making long distance phone calls on the company dime; the second two employees having sex in the conference room after hours and the third is an employee who drinks excessively at lunch.
Personal Phone Calls
Among the schools of normative ethics, virtue ethics is the one that emphasizes moral character (Hursthouse, 2012). There are two basic ways to look at these phone calls from the virtue ethics perspective. From the employee's perspective, no moral person would steal, because theft is not a virtuous act. If stealing could ever be virtuous, there would need to be some underlying reason (stealing to feed your family, for example). No such underlying reason exists here. The theft, therefore, is not virtuous in nature. To look at this from the perspective of the employer, however, is a little bit less clear. The employer allowing its employees to make such phone calls would be acting in a virtuous manner, under one condition. The condition is that the company pays a fixed rate for its long distance service. In such a situation, the marginal cost of the phone calls to Russia is zero, and the employer would be providing a valuable service at no marginal cost to its employees, allowing them to stay in communication with their loved ones. Remember that corporations have obligations to their shareholders to maximize shareholder value, so only where there is zero marginal cost would such charity be virtuous. Where there is marginal cost, the cost is essentially an unauthorized transfer of wealth from the shareholders...
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