¶ … ethical issues that need to be taken into consideration when using human subjects in research. The biggest thing is informed consent. The subjects need to fully understand what the nature of the research is. Where there are risk to the subject -- unlikely in an interview setting -- these need to be fully explained. In observation research, there is much more risk because the subjects are actually doing things, and this risk should be identified to the subject. It is the job of the researcher to anticipate the risks to the subject.
The biggest thing with respect to minimizing risks is to understand ahead of time what those risks are. For me, I do not foresee too much risk. This means that aside from providing some opportunity for informed consent there are no real issues. If there are situations where risk is involved with human subjects, then there is often cause to redesign the research. I was looking at a research paper on texting while driving, and the researchers in that case used a driving simulator that is usually used to train ambulance drivers. This allowed them to study driver behavior without putting anybody at risk. If they had let people drive on the streets while testing this, people could get into accidents. So they had to redesign the entire study. That is something researchers must be prepared to do -- identify risks ahead of time and ensure the study design from the outset minimizes risks. If there is no way to avoid risks, you at least need informed consent, cannot use minors and must take every step possible to guard against negative outcomes. But proactive avoidance of risky situations is the best approach, even where it requires a little bit of creativity.
Phase 5 Individual Project
The central research question for this guide is to examine the ways that employees interaction in multicultural teams.
The target groups would be members of such teams. These would need to be found by talking to companies to see which ones would be willing to participate. The process of finding the right teams is important -- you get the right companies then you still need to identify individuals. If this is an observational report, the researcher will need to be on site for this research. The investigator will therefore only utilize a few different teams in order to effectively manage the scope of the research. The setting is going to be the workplace. The group will consist of multicultural teams and the researcher will need to have permissions from the team members where necessary.
There are a number of sources of data for this project. Observations need to be made and coded -- these will be the primary sources of data for the project. The observations will be largely based on what is seen and heard. So dialogue between group members, emails, texts, non-verbal communications -- any form of communication. Group interactions will also be observed, for example of people from a given culture tend to congregate, something that has been identified in the literature about such groups (Mannix & Neale, 2005). There is a large body of research that can help to inform the codes used to interpret the behavior of the team members and guide the contextual understanding of the research.
There are other sources of data available, however. Interviews will provide an opportunity for the researcher to directly probe the study participants about key issues. The interviews can be open-ended with only a loose structure, because more information can be gathered using open-ended questions. Interviews are a good way to supplement or to confirm the observational findings.
Archival information can also be used to help inform the research. Since the study is all interaction, it is important to look at written communication in particular. There will be considerable literature that has to be a part of this study as it will provide a lot of the theoretical framing. In addition, if there are any management reports, transcripts from meetings or other written communication about the way the team has performed, or that can serve as primary evidence of communication, this should be examined in the course of the research as well.
Puzzlements and Jottings
The "puzzlements and jottings" are the first stage of the research, where the topic is identified and some ideas are formed about what is problematic or interesting about it (Ritchie & Lewis, 2003). This case, the research idea comes from the body of work in psychology, human resources and sociology that looks at team performance,...
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