Malaria Risk Factors
Malaria, as Viewed through the Expanded Risk Factor Model
Malaria is caused by infection of red blood cells by the parasites Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax, P. malariae, and P. ovale and transmitted from human to human by the vector, Anopheles mosquitoes, according to the information provided by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC, 2012a). The ability of the female Anopheles mosquito to thrive in proximity to humans, in addition to the presence of the malaria parasite, therefore determines the prevalence and incidence of malaria infections (CDC, 2012b). The only exceptions to this rule is when malaria is transmitted from human to human through pregnancy or exposure to biological substances, such as during a blood transfusion, organ transplantation, or drug use requiring the sharing of needles. These latter modes of transmission occur rarely, however, therefore the vector, Anopheles mosquitoes, plays a dominant role in determining the risk of malarial infection.
Anopheles mosquitoes thrive where rainfall is allowed to collect and provide an aquatic breeding ground (CDC, 2012b). As long as warm ambient temperatures and sufficient humidity persist the malaria parasite will complete its growth cycle and the female mosquito vector will survive, 9-21 days...
Malaria: An Epidemiological Overview Distribution: Environmental risk factors Because of malaria's mode of transmission (through Anopheles mosquito bites), it is an almost exclusively tropical disease. "Temperature is particularly critical. For example, at temperatures below 20°C (68°F), Plasmodium falciparum (which causes severe malaria) cannot complete its growth cycle in the Anopheles mosquito, and thus cannot be transmitted" ("Where malaria occurs," 2010). But where the parasites can complete their growth cycle, wherever the Anopheles
Obesity, overweight and underweight all have impacts that are negative on self-esteem of many children and adolescents that if not checked can have long-term effects on the success in lives of these children and their general happiness in the future (Moran, 1999). The persistence of chronic diseases in more in the developing than in the developed countries. The World Health Organization posits that by 2020, a quarter of deaths in
Along the way, scholarly resources such as books, peer-reviewed journal articles and reputable websites will be used to create or support the opinions or answers given. The three questions that will be answered will include what basic types of healthcare everyone should have access to and why, a choice from thirteen risk factors that impact infectious disease and a recitation of how nurses can play a part in one
Therefore, a nurse must be fully aware of these sensitivities when providing care to a patient, especially when the patient is a member of cultural group from outside the U.S. The third criteria is social organization. For example, most African-American families tend to be based on a matriarchal system with either the mother or another female member of the family serving as its leader. This matriarch may also serve as
Several international conferences planned for China were postponed or changed venues Yu p. 91) SARS also had some positive effects in terms of media coverage. Studies claim that the outbreak in 2003 not only emphasized the importance of good media coverage in alerting the international community to epidemics but also "... raised standards of government preparedness and border control." (ibid) The importance of rapid communication and the role of the media
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